“Trump told voters that they could indulge their resentments and still walk away richer and more prosperous. But they can’t. To embrace nativism in a global, connected economic world is to sacrifice prosperity for the sake of exclusion…”

Another Day Off

We’re still in Europe, and this is not a vacation (although we’re doing a fair amount of walking and exploring.) I’m doing a lot of meetings and talks, and not being superhuman or willing to let AI write posts in my name, there will be days off.

Planning a followup on women, men and jobs, but still researching. Hoping to get it out tomorrow.

Anthropic: A postmortem of three recent issues

Anthropic: A postmortem of three recent issues

Anthropic had a very bad month in terms of model reliability:

Between August and early September, three infrastructure bugs intermittently degraded Claude's response quality. We've now resolved these issues and want to explain what happened. [...]

To state it plainly: We never reduce model quality due to demand, time of day, or server load. The problems our users reported were due to infrastructure bugs alone. [...]

We don't typically share this level of technical detail about our infrastructure, but the scope and complexity of these issues justified a more comprehensive explanation.

I'm really glad Anthropic are publishing this in so much detail. Their reputation for serving their models reliably has taken a notable hit.

I hadn't appreciated the additional complexity caused by their mixture of different serving platforms:

We deploy Claude across multiple hardware platforms, namely AWS Trainium, NVIDIA GPUs, and Google TPUs. [...] Each hardware platform has different characteristics and requires specific optimizations.

It sounds like the problems came down to three separate bugs which unfortunately came along very close to each other.

Anthropic also note that their privacy practices made investigating the issues particularly difficult:

The evaluations we ran simply didn't capture the degradation users were reporting, in part because Claude often recovers well from isolated mistakes. Our own privacy practices also created challenges in investigating reports. Our internal privacy and security controls limit how and when engineers can access user interactions with Claude, in particular when those interactions are not reported to us as feedback. This protects user privacy but prevents engineers from examining the problematic interactions needed to identify or reproduce bugs.

The code examples they provide to illustrate a TPU-specific bug show that they use Python and JAX as part of their serving layer.

Tags: python, ai, postmortem, generative-ai, llms, anthropic, claude

ICPC medals for OpenAI and Gemini

In July it was the International Math Olympiad (OpenAI, Gemini), today it's the International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC). Once again, both OpenAI and Gemini competed with models that achieved Gold medal performance.

OpenAI's Mostafa Rohaninejad:

We received the problems in the exact same PDF form, and the reasoning system selected which answers to submit with no bespoke test-time harness whatsoever. For 11 of the 12 problems, the system’s first answer was correct. For the hardest problem, it succeeded on the 9th submission. Notably, the best human team achieved 11/12.

We competed with an ensemble of general-purpose reasoning models; we did not train any model specifically for the ICPC. We had both GPT-5 and an experimental reasoning model generating solutions, and the experimental reasoning model selecting which solutions to submit. GPT-5 answered 11 correctly, and the last (and most difficult problem) was solved by the experimental reasoning model.

And here's the blog post by Google DeepMind's Hanzhao (Maggie) Lin and Heng-Tze Cheng:

An advanced version of Gemini 2.5 Deep Think competed live in a remote online environment following ICPC rules, under the guidance of the competition organizers. It started 10 minutes after the human contestants and correctly solved 10 out of 12 problems, achieving gold-medal level performance under the same five-hour time constraint. See our solutions here.

I'm still trying to confirm if the models had access to tools in order to execute the code they were writing. The IMO results in July were both achieved without tools.

Tags: gemini, llm-reasoning, google, generative-ai, openai, ai, llms

Can California Ever Build Again?

This week, we bring you the story of California Forever in all its “never told before” glory.

For the past eight years, Jan Sramek and a group of wealthy investors have been buying up land in Solano County with the hopes of creating a great new city in Northern California. All told, the California Forever group has spent $1 billion to acquire 68,000 acres (100 square miles) in an area about halfway between San Francisco and Sacramento. Their goal is to create a community of 400,000 people who can live and work together and to make it possible for California to manufacture more of the things that it invents in state.

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The Czech-born Sramek became consumed by the idea of founding a new city after experiencing California’s well-known problems – expensive real estate/lack of housing, long commutes in heavy traffic, loss of manufacturing jobs and skills, and over-regulation – firsthand. And, sort of insanely, he decided to try and do something about it. He set out to see if California still had the will and the way to make a shining new city.

(TL;DR: In this episode, Sramek tells the full story (for the first time) of how California Forever was created and pushed forward, including the incredible lengths he had to go through to keep the project secret. We, of course, also get into much of Sramek’s reasoning for wanting to dedicate his life to this project and why he cares about trying to help California thrive.)

Sramek managed to convince an all-star cast of investors to buy into his plan. California Forever is backed by the likes of Patrick and John Collison, Michael Moritz, Laurene Powell Jobs, Marc Andreessen, Daniel Gross and Nat Friedman. Together, these people bought up the Solano County land in relative secrecy over the course of about six years and have set to work putting in the regulatory structure needed to get building. Their current plan includes not just the city itself but also nearby manufacturing and shipbuilding hubs.

The project has, naturally, run into controversy. People have grumbled about the billionaires being up to something shadowy. Others have complained about building on land historically used for ranching and about potential environmental concerns. At one point, local politicians even suggested that perhaps China was buying up the land so that it could spy on Travis Air Force Base.

For a while, it appeared that the naysayers might win and stall California Forever indefinitely. But the combination of a second Donald Trump election and the widespread feeling that California is over-regulating itself into oblivion have injected new life and enthusiasm into the California Forever effort. Many people and politicians in Solano County are now looking to join up with the project and help make it happen.

Not everyone will agree with me here. This is natural. But, for me, California Forever represents an existential moment for the wonderful state that I call home.

Nowhere on Earth do people have it better than Californians. But we are on the verge of the greatest economic self-own in history if we can’t learn how to build and develop and do big things again. We must get out of our own way and create a system that allows for hope and optimism and the notion of creating a better future.

Building a picturesque city where people can live close to their jobs and manufacture the products that they invent on underutilized land should not be controversial. It should just happen.

If we can’t let something like California Forever flourish, we’re signaling that California has lost its way, its spirit and its ability, and this strikes me as profoundly sad.

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Defending the Earth Is Deadly Work. A New Report Illuminates How Much.

Nearly 150 Land and Environment Defenders Were Killed or Disappeared Last Year, Most for Standing up To Mining and Logging

Since the 1990s, Martin Egot has protected his tribe’s ancestral homelands near Nigeria’s Cross River National Park. Egot, who is Indigenous Ekuri, helped establish the Ekuri Initiative, an organization dedicated to protecting parts of the rainforest.

In 2009, the Ekuri Initiative successfully pushed the Cross River government, a state in Nigeria, to put a moratorium on logging activity in community-controlled areas of the rainforest, and were able to enforce the logging ban by deploying eco-guards: Ekuri men who patrol the rainforest to deter developers and illegal loggers.

But in 2023, the Nigerian government lifted the moratorium to allow logging. Then, later that year, a local timber company arrived without proper permits. The Ekuri eco-guards confiscated the company’s logging equipment, but their actions caused army personnel to enter the village, firing their weapons. There were no reported injuries, but the violence all but ended the Ekuri Initiative as eco-guards are unable to compete with private and government security forces hired to protect logging companies moving into the area.

“In Cross River, the forest is almost completely gone everywhere else,” said Egot. “What we still have is found around the communities. So there’s a whole lot of pressure.”

The violence that Ekuri environment and land defenders face isn’t uncommon. This week, Global Witness, an organization that investigates environmental and human rights abuses, released a new report documenting 146 cases of homicides and kidnappings of environmental and land defenders in 2024 — an average of three people killed or disappeared every week. The report’s authors say attacks occurred after speaking out or taking action to defend their lands, with many opposing mining, logging, and other extractive industries.

One-third of the collected incidents happened to Indigenous peoples, while Afro-descendants, people with ancestral ties to enslaved Africans, comprised two cases this year. Most Afro-descendants reside in South America, like Brazil, and are stewards of biodiverse land. Since the organization began tracking violence against land and environment defenders in 2012, there have been a total of 2,253 cases.

“All these years reporting on the realities of defenders across the world, highlight, to me, the disproportionate nature of the attacks that Indigenous peoples in particular, and Afro-descendants, are having to suffer year in and year out,” said Laura Furones, the report’s author.

According to the study, Colombia is considered the deadliest country for land and environment defenders with the highest number of lethal attacks at 48 cases, a third of the total, global amount. However, 80 percent of kidnapping and murder cases occurred in Latin America. Global Witness attributes the high rates of lethal violence to countries with weak state presence that enable corruption and unbalanced legal systems, making resource conflicts more deadly. In Asia, the Philippines saw the highest number of killings and disappearances, with most violence linked to government bodies.

It’s estimated that around 54 percent of the world’s critical mineral deposits needed for green energy and AI needs — cobalt, lithium, nickel, and copper — are located on or near Indigenous lands, often driving violence. “Amid rampant resource use, escalating environmental pressure, and a rapidly closing window to limit [global] warming to 1.5C, [industries] are treating land and environmental defenders like they are a major inconvenience instead of canaries in a coal mine about to explode,” said Rachel Cox, a senior campaigner at Global Witness.

In Nigeria, Egot says he hopes to restore the Ekuri Initiative and find ways to introduce more jobs to the region, including as eco-guards, as a way to curb logging in his community’s homelands.

“We are calling on international communities to continue to talk to our state, our government, because Nigeria signs to a whole lot of environmental treaties,” he said. “So these treaties that they sign into, do they actually respect these treaties? Do they follow up on these treaties?

“This story was originally published by Grist. Sign up for Grist’s weekly newsletter here.” This article originally appeared in HERE

The post Defending the Earth Is Deadly Work. A New Report Illuminates How Much. appeared first on DCReport.org.

Wednesday 17 September 1662

At my office all the morning, and at noon to the Exchange, where meeting Mr. Moore and Mr. Stucky, of the Wardrobe, we to an ordinary to dinner, and after dinner Mr. Moore and I about 3 o’clock to Paul’s school, to wait upon Mr. Crumlum (Mr. Moore having a hopeful lad, a kinsman of his, there at school), who we take very luckily, and went up to his chamber with him, where there was also an old fellow student of Mr. Crumlum’s, one Mr. Newell, come to see him, of whom he made so much, and of me, that the truth is he with kindness did drink more than I believe he used to do, and did begin to be a little impertinent, the more when after all he would in the evening go forth with us and give us a bottle of wine abroad, and at the tavern met with an acquaintance of his that did occasion impertinent discourse, that though I honour the man, and he do declare abundance of learning and worth, yet I confess my opinion is much lessened of him, and therefore let it be a caution to myself not to love drink, since it has such an effect upon others of greater worth in my own esteem. I could not avoid drinking of 5 glasses this afternoon with him, and after I had parted with him Mr. Moore and I to my house, and after we had eaten something to my lodgings, where the master of the house, a very ordinary fellow, was ready to entertain me and took me into his dining-room where his wife was, a pretty and notable lady, too fine surely for him, and too much wit too. Here I was forced to stay with them a good while and did drink again, there being friends of theirs with them. At last being weary of his idle company, I bid good-night and so to my chamber and Mr. [Moore] and I to bed, neither of us well pleased with our afternoon’s work, merely from our being witnesses of Mr. Crumlum’s weakness.

This day my boy is come from Brampton, and my wife I think the next week.

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On the Road September 2025 - #3

Last weekend, Bill Steen* and I conducted a one-day “immersion workshop” for 40 people — mostly natural builders — put on by the Santa Barbara Permaculture Network way out in the mountains at the Spirit Pine Sanctuary — which describes itself as “…a working model of sustainable off-the-grid living, located on a 160 acre agricultural preserve adjacent to the Los Padres National Forest, offering a variety of workshops and apprenticeships.”

*Bill and his wife Athena are best-known for their now-classic book, The Straw Bale House, and their work, which can be can be viewed at caneloproject.com, has expanded to include 15 more books, and “…connecting people, culture and nature.” It’s a beautiful website; Bill’s a great photographer! (It was Bill who suggested to the Permaculture people that I come to the workshop.)

The Sanctuary is run by Betty Seaman, and her husband, Tatahcho Castenada, and is completely off the grid — meaning that they generate their own electricity and provide their own water and waste disposal.

There are maybe a dozen or so cabins and other living quarters — mostly cob construction— on the site, as well as Tatahcho’s aikido dojo at the top of the property.

BTW, Betty said that when they first moved onto the land, and things looked so difficult, our book Shelter was one of their main inspirations.

Here are photos from our day at the Spirit Pine Sanctuary.

Live From California with Lloyd Kahn is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

Below: Tatahcho’s aikido dojo:

Books of the Canelo Project and Shelter Publications on display.\

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Thursday: Unemployment Claims, Philly Fed Mfg

Mortgage Rates Note: Mortgage rates are from MortgageNewsDaily.com and are for top tier scenarios.

Thursday:
• At 8:30 AM ET, The initial weekly unemployment claims report will be released. The consensus is for initial claims to increase to 240 thousand from 237 thousand last week.

• Also at 8:30 AM, the Philly Fed manufacturing survey for September. The consensus is for a reading of 2.5, up from 0.0.

Good cities can't exist without public order

I was about to write about the train murder in North Carolina, but the assassination of Charlie Kirk pushed it out of the news. For those who don’t know, here’s the story:

Gruesome video shows a man stabbing a 23-year-old Ukrainian refugee to death on a Charlotte light rail train…The unprovoked attack — which is being investigated by the FBI — happened shortly before 10 p.m. August 22…

The victim, Iryna Zarutska, fled Ukraine in 2022 with her mother, sister, and brother to escape the war with Russia…

The suspect, Decarlos Brown, 34, was…charged with first-degree murder. Homeless at the time of the stabbing…Brown has a lengthy criminal history, including convictions for armed robbery, felony larceny and breaking and entering. Family members told CNN he has a history of mental health struggles…He spent more than five years behind bars for robbery with a dangerous weapon, state records show. North Carolina state records list 14 cases for Brown, other than those related to the killing. They stem back to 2011 and include arrests for minor offenses like speeding and shoplifting. It is unclear how many of them were prosecuted[.]

A more detailed (and more gruesome) account can be found here.

About two weeks after the murder occurred, it exploded into the public consciousness. The FBI declared an investigation, and President Trump posted a montage of the victim on social media.

This being America in the 2020s, a lot of people insisted on viewing the case in racial terms. Right-wing accounts decried black crime rates, and Fox News showed statistics about interracial violence. This was unhelpful. Although the killing was probably a hate crime — the perpetrator repeatedly says “I got that white girl” in the video — it was also the act of a lone schizophrenic who claims that the victim was reading his mind. Blaming a whole racial group for the actions of a lone psycho killer makes no sense.1 As Charles Fain Lehman and Rafael Mangual write, this is really a story about how our broken justice system releases repeat offenders and criminally insane individuals back into society again and again, rather than a story about race relations.

On the flip side, some progressive commentators seemed more worried about racist reactions to the crime, or about the fate of the perpetrator, than about the gruesome murder itself. CNN’s Brian Stelter fretted about “pro-Trump activists” making political hay out of the murder, while Van Jones expressed sympathy for the killer, declaring that “The man who stabbed Iryna Zarutska was hurting…hurt people hurt people.” This was also unhelpful. Just as minority groups shouldn’t be blamed when someone from that group commits a crime, the perpetrators shouldn’t be given special protections or consideration because of their race.

Meanwhile, some cynical commentators (including myself) simply noted that it was nice to see MAGA types expressing sympathy for an immigrant refugee, and for a Ukrainian. It would be nice if they could extend the sympathy they felt for Iryna Zarutska to the many thousands of young Ukrainian women who are being raped and murdered by the invading Russian army.

Anyway, that’s all I have to say about the racial politics of this particular murder. But the urban politics are much more interesting. In the wake of the killing, a number of people argued that incidents like this are why America doesn’t have good public transit:

These people are overstating their case, but when you get right down to it, they do have a point. America’s chronically high levels of violence and public disorder are one reason — certainly not the only reason, but one reason — that it’s so politically difficult to build dense housing and transit in this country.

For many years, I’ve been involved with the urbanist movement in America. I want to see my country build more dense city centers where people can walk and take the train instead of driving. That doesn’t mean I want to eliminate the suburbs; I just don’t want to have San Francisco and Chicago and Houston feel like suburbs. If we have dense cities and quiet suburbs, then every American will get to live in the type of place they want to live in. Currently, the only dense city we have is NYC.

But I think my fellow urbanists are often a bit naive about what it’ll take to get more dense, walkable city centers in America. They often act as if car culture is an autonomous meme that just happened to develop in America, and that real considerations like violent crime played no role in driving Americans — both white and nonwhite — out of urban cores in the 20th century.

A fair amount of research around the world shows that fear of violent crime keeps a lot of people from using public transit. Urbanists can shout all they like about how driving is far more dangerous than taking the train or bus, but telling people what not to be afraid of has a very poor track record as a method of persuasion. Air travel and terrorism are both examples where dangers that are out of people’s control are scarier than dangers people feel they can avoid, such as car accidents. We devote huge societal resources to minimizing the risks of plane crashes and terrorist attacks, and if we want more Americans to embrace life in dense cities, we’re going to have to do the same with the risk of crime on public transit.

The slaying of Iryna Zarutska was a sensational incident, but not an isolated one. Back in 2018, three people were stabbed to death on the Bay Area’s BART train within a span of five days. There was a mass shooting on an NYC train in 2022. That same year, an Asian woman was pushed onto the train tracks and killed at the Times Square station. In 2024 a sleeping woman on the NYC subway was lit on fire and burned to death.

Those are the most sensational incidents, but they’re just the tip of the iceberg; tons of crime on public transit goes unreported, even when it reaches epidemic proportions, such as during the anti-Asian hate crime wave in 2021.

Americans are simply not going to accept a transit-centric lifestyle unless and until the incidence of violence on trains and buses goes way down. I was about to write a whole post about this, but I realized I already wrote one, last year:

I could probably improve on it a little, but not much. So here’s that post, republished. Urbanists need to take this to heed.


Anyone who reads this blog knows that I’m a huge fan of dense, walkable cities. Much of my enthusiasm comes from living in Japan for several years, and I’ve written a bunch of posts about why Japanese cities are so especially great. Here was the most relevant one for today’s post:

Back home in America, I’ve called for a bunch of changes to make our cities better places to live. Most importantly, we need more housing density and better transit. These are the two main goals of the YIMBY movement. I also want more commercial density — lots of shops in walkable downtown areas — which is something YIMBYs should focus on more than they do. I don’t think American cities are going to become like Tokyo — or Paris, or Singapore, etc. — anytime soon. But I think places like San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston, Miami, and Philadelphia can move enough in that direction to make a big difference in America’s quality of life, and probably in our economic productivity as well.

But we’ll need to change a lot about our society in order to get there. Usually, when I talk about urbanism, I talk about land use deregulation, increased transit funding, and transit cost reduction, so that we can build dense housing and transit cheaply and abundantly. And I think those policies are incredibly important. But when I suggest these policies to conservatives, or even just to politically neutral NIMBY types, the response I always get is that Japan and Europe can have nice cities because they have public order. They point out the vast disparities in violent crime between America and the rich nations of Eurasia:

Source: UN

With America’s high crime rates, they say, we could never have cities like that.

And I think the conservatives and NIMBYs are partially right. They’re partially wrong, in that you don’t have to have a city as safe as Tokyo in order to have lots of density and good transit. NYC has a homicide rate of about 4.6 per 100,000 as of 2023, which is about 10 times that of Tokyo and 4 times that of Paris, and yet it’s super dense and very walkable. But they’re partially right. One reason is that, just as they say, low levels of both violence and general public disorder probably make it a much more pleasant experience to walk around a downtown area. In my post about why Japanese cities are such nice places to live, I wrote:

Good public safety makes people feel safer leaving their homes — especially women, and especially at night. This makes neighborhoods more vibrant and increases the feeling of community. And when it’s safe to go outside, living in a small apartment doesn’t feel nearly as confining; no one feels like they have to hide inside their house from muggers, rapists, etc…In fact, there’s a virtuous cycle between public safety and dense walkability — the more people are out walking around, the more “eyes on the street” there are to deter crime, which in turn makes more people feel safe walking around.

In fact, there’s evidence that crime represents a sort of “congestion cost” that makes cities function less efficiently.

But there’s another effect here that’s political in nature. Both violence and general disorder probably discourage locals from supporting both housing density and public transit — in other words, they give rise to NIMBYism. Transit, especially if it’s made free or if fare-jumping is easy, allows both criminals and drugged-up disorderly types2 to reach otherwise peaceful neighborhoods. And since apartment complexes A) are cheaper to live in than single-family houses, and B) usually come with inclusionary zoning requirements that require any new complex to include some poor tenants, they also mean more poor people in the neighborhood. If a city has poor public safety and public order, this means increased danger — or at least increased anxiety — for existing residents.

This turns some people NIMBY out of concern for public safety. And NIMBYs themselves are the main obstacle to building denser cities in America. When NIMBYs tell you that America isn’t safe enough for density, they are describing their own motivations and concerns.

It’s important to note that it barely matters whether NIMBYs are right about the effect of apartment construction and transit on local crime. For example, while there are certainly a number of studies finding that adding transit increases crime near bus stops and train stations, the estimated effects are generally small, and a few studies find no effect.3 But the claim that trains bring crime to safe neighborhoods is incredibly common in American politics. Without a widespread perception of public safety and order, people will keep using NIMBY anti-development policies to try to keep anyone away from them who even might commit a crime or make a scene on the street.

We can try to simply yell at fearful NIMBYs to stop being a bunch of NIMBYs and call them racists and segregationists and petty landed gentry, but this approach historically has poor results. Instead, the country should address their concerns about violence and disorder, in order to build a constituency for urbanism in America. (And of course, needless to say, lowering crime and increasing public safety is good in and of itself.) Europe, Asia, and New York City have all largely figured out how to do this. We can learn from their successes.

Europe, Asia, and NYC put a lot of cops on the street

Matt Yglesias had a good post back in 2023 about Europe’s approach to public safety and order:

Slow Boring
Europe's "law and order" urbanism
I love walkable cities with mass transit and traditional urbanism, but I actually don’t love huge cities…
Read more

One key is gun control, of course. But another very important policy is to have a lot of police officers. Matt writes:

France has, for example, about 150,000 members of the Police Nationale, plus another 100,000 members of the Gendarmerie. They are supplemented by a Police Municipale in the cities that’s about 20,000 strong, and there are apparently about 1,000 rural guards. That’s about four officers per thousand people, while the FBI says the United States has between 2.4 and 3.4 law enforcement personnel per person, depending on how you count.

In fact, although Europe has a reputation for being lenient in terms of policy toward crime, most European countries — and East Asian countries — have more police per capita than the United States does. Here’s a chart from Lewis and Usmani (2022) showing that while America has higher rates of incarceration, other rich countries tend to have more cops:

The guys with machine guns in the image at the top of this post are, if I’m not mistaken, part of the Gendermerie Nationale, France’s national police force. You see these guys standing all over Paris with big imposing guns. Somehow it detracts from neither the walkability nor the charm of this safe, low-crime European megacity. Yglesias notes that nationalized police forces are a feature of many European countries, which might or might not be a good lesson for America.

But the real point here is that as Lewis & Usmani argue, and as Alex Tabarrok has been arguing for years, the U.S. is probably under-policed. In fact, there’s a ton of evidence that simply hiring a lot more police officers reduces crime. German Lopez did a great review of the research literature in 2021, when “defund the police” was a hot-button issue, so I’ll quote from him:

There is solid evidence that more police officers and certain policing strategies reduce crime and violence. In a recent survey of criminal justice experts, a majority said increasing police budgets would improve public safety…A 2020 study…by [Chalfin et al. for] the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded, “Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides…

A 2005 study [by Klick and Tabarrok] in the Journal of Law and Economics took advantage of surges in policing driven by terror alerts, finding that high-alert periods, when more officers were deployed, led to significantly less crime.

And Chalfin and McCrary (2018) find that once they try to correct for certain errors in police data, the effect of policing on crime is even larger.

Increased numbers of police act through several channels, which can be difficult to disentangle with evidence. First, their presence on the street deters crime directly, because people don’t want to commit crimes in front of police. Lopez writes:

Hot spot policing…focuses on problem areas, even down to specific city blocks, with disproportionate levels of crime and violence. Police departments send officers to these places with a goal of deterring further disorder…A 2019 review in the Journal of Experimental Criminology looked at dozens of studies and found hot spot policing reduced crime without merely displacing it to other areas, and, in fact, there was evidence of “diffusion” in which crime-fighting benefits actually spread to surrounding areas. The review relied on several strong studies, including randomized controlled trials (generally the gold standard of research), suggesting that the findings were based on solid ground.

Second, the general presence of a bunch of cops in a city acts as a deterrent, because would-be criminals are afraid of being arrested and punished after the fact. There are some studies on “focused deterrence”, in which cops try to contact gangs and warn them not to commit violent crimes, and these generally find a positive effect. But there’s probably a more general deterrence effect that operates through word of mouth — when would-be criminals hear about people getting arrested, it makes them think that if they commit crimes, they too will get arrested.

The third way cops fight crime is via incarceration itself — they arrest criminals, who then get prosecuted and incarcerated, which removes repeat offenders from wider society. Scott Alexander has an excellent (and very long) review of the literature on incarceration and crime here:

Astral Codex Ten
Prison And Crime: Much More Than You Wanted To Know
Read more

The basic upshot is that removing criminals from society does prevent crime, although the financial cost of preventing crime this way — which involves supporting prisoners for many years of their lives — is very high. Hiring more police does reduce crime a lot, but the physical incapacitation piece of that is the most expensive piece. Ultimately he agrees with Tabarrok, and with Lewis & Usmani, that America is over-prisoned and under-policed.

In general, there’s an emerging consensus that the specter of long prison sentences doesn’t act as much of a deterrent to criminals, but that a high probability of being caught is a very effective deterrent. Jennifer Doleac, who studies the economics of crime, writes:

[M]ost people quickly age out of crime. There is lots of data documenting that the likelihood of committing crime increases until ages 18 to 20, then decreases. (Crime is largely a young person’s game.) That means we are incarcerating lots of people who are no longer an active threat. It’s a waste of money and does not make us safer.

Long sentences might be useful if they deterred crime — that is, if the threat of a harsh punishment provided a meaningful incentive to obey the law. But research consistently shows that increasing the probability of getting caught is far more effective. Most would-be offenders are probably not thinking very far ahead, which means the chance they’d be arrested weighs far more than the details of any future imprisonment.

(I highly recommend this long interview of Doleac by the excellent Jerusalem Demsas of The Atlantic, by the way.)

Alex Tabarrok agrees with Doleac’s prescriptions, harshly criticizing economists who assume that criminals are rational actors. He argues that a high probability of swift punishment for wrongdoing, with small punishments at first and long sentences only for a few incorrigible offenders, is the way to go.

A high probability of punishment comes from more policing. It increases the chance that a cop will be available — even nearby — to go catch a criminal. It increases the number of cops to follow up leads and investigate cases. And as Doleac writes, more cops allow for more frequent nonviolent positive interactions between the cops and the communities they police, which builds trust and improves both reporting of crimes and snitching. (Note: Congress is already working on a bill to provide more funding for detectives, to improve the abysmally low rate at which American police forces actually solve crimes.)

So anyway, this is the first big piece of what Europe and Asia do to reduce crime: Hire a lot of cops. This is also a big part of why NYC is one of America’s safest big cities. In terms of total police department employment per population, New York is second only to D.C.

Of course, gun control is also an important factor in why cities in other rich countries are safer. Some American cities have been able to enact stringent gun measures that, if enforced, would prevent most criminals from owning guns. But therein lies the rub, as they say — as Matt Yglesias has pointed out, gun control can only be enforced by a whole lot of policing.

Other rich countries are also noted for the professionalism of their police forces. America requires very little training for its officers, compared to its peer nations:

Source: BBC

This isn’t because the U.S. is averse to long training requirements for its professions — an American cosmetologist has to train for 3000 hours to be certified, which is almost five times as much as a police officer. One might think that handling matters of life, death, and the law would take a little more professionalism than putting on makeup and cutting hair.

Another thing that Europe and Asia do — and which NYC does to some extent — is to have cops stand around on the street instead of driving around or waiting for calls in a station. I wrote about the effectiveness of police boxes and foot patrols back in 2020:

In America, the police mostly drive around, looking for people to pull over and waiting to respond to 911 calls. In Japan, however, lots of police walk around on the street, or stay in police boxes known as koban (交番). And this totally changes the dynamic of police-community interaction!! In Japan, you can (and people often do) ask cops for directions! You can stand around and chat with cops if you like! You can even ask cops for recommendations for local shops and restaurants. And the cops themselves have a totally different experience — instead of only interacting with civilians when something bad is going on, they see thousands upon thousands of people peaceably going about their business, and interact with many of these people…

In the U.S., a cop showing up means that a dangerous, potentially violent confrontation is imminent. In Japan, it’s no big deal — just a person in a uniform standing there, like a security guard in a store…

In addition to creating routine, positive police-community interactions, police can deter crime just by walking around. Experiments with police foot patrols have found that they reduce crime substantially.

There’s plenty more evidence that foot patrols are highly effective in reducing crime.

Note that there’s a strong synergy here between urban density — especially commercial density — and effective policing. If there are a few areas with a lot of foot traffic, it’s easier for cops to stand around and make sure those areas feel safe.

Leftists and many progressives, of course, doggedly oppose all these measures, labeling them “carceral urbanism”. But although I’ve jokingly embraced that label, the reality is that an urbanism that focuses on public safety isn’t really very carceral — it would shift America’s resources from punishing crime to preventing it from happening in the first place. Lewis & Usmani call this a “first world balance”, and it does seem to be what all the countries with nice cities are doing.

Europe, Asia, and NYC get mentally dysfunctional people off the street (and the train)

One thing more people are realizing in the wake of the pandemic is that urban disorder and urban violence are not quite the same thing. Disorder refers to things like public drug use, chaotic street behavior that poses a threat of potential violence, and ubiquitous property crime. No city typifies this distinction more than San Francisco, which has a low-ish murder rate for a U.S. city, but which is awash in visible drug use, petty crime, and scary mentally ill people on the street. Here’s what I wrote back in 2023:

SF has one of the highest property crime rates of any city in the nation. Car break-ins are ubiquitous, and seeing thieves stripping car engines on the street is commonplace. The city has suffered from the same wave of retail smash-and-grab thefts common throughout the Bay Area since 2020. There is a steady drumbeat of stories about thieves ransacking businesses, invading homes, and robbing patrons in cafes.

Now, having your car smashed or your store ransacked or your laptop stolen out of your hands usually doesn’t kill you. Only very rarely do you actually die from that. But it’s a constant reminder that you’re at the mercy of men who could do violence to you if they wanted. If you try to keep hold of your precious laptop, will the thief pull out a knife and slash your throat? If you accidentally catch someone smashing your car window, will they use the baseball bat on your head instead? If you try to protect the merchandise of the store that employs you — on which you depend for your very livelihood — will the thief pull out a gun or a knife? And so on. Property crime is scary because it carries with it the threat of violence.

The second reason is the presence of a lot of loud, aggressive, erratic people on the streets…San Francisco is awash in methamphetamine (which makes people violent and sometimes psychotic) and fentanyl (which is highly addictive, and may cause violence or psychosis upon withdrawal). Signs of these epidemics are everywhere; needles are everywhere on the streets, and drugs themselves are often discovered just sitting around. A number of downtown areas are basically open-air drug markets…

Streets filled with aggressive, screaming strangers and ubiquitous drug markets usually don’t kill you. But they make many people feel unsafe nonetheless. Could the guy who staggers by you bellowing racial slurs be about to beat you…or stab you… Who used the needles lying on the ground in the park where you take your children to play, and will the drugs they used caused them to turn violent? Etc.

San Francisco’s urban chaos is immediately visible to everyone who visits:

It’s true that these problems mostly afflict the downtown area and the Mission district; most of the rest is relatively orderly and nice. But the areas blighted by disorder are the exact same areas that have the greatest density and the most transit stops. This fact has not been lost on the residents of San Francisco’s nicer neighborhoods, who are some of the most NIMBY in the entire nation.

The disorder also afflicts public transit as well. San Francisco’s trains, especially the BART, are notoriously full of disreputable characters, making them a terrifying experience for women, the elderly, and other vulnerable groups. Here’s a pre-pandemic article from SFist that paints a pretty accurate picture:

BART has been lamenting a loss of around 10 million riders on weeknights and weekends over the last five years…[T]he insides of trains are filthy and gross, and people are worried about being robbed or accosted while they ride them…As for petty crime, that seems to be more prevalent during rush hours when thieves can snatch cellphones on crowded trains, dart out of doors and disappear onto crowded platforms. But news reports of violent crimes like one that happened Tuesday night when a man was the victim of an unprovoked attack with a chain, or the fatal stabbing that occurred in the middle of the day last November, are enough to scare anyone from wanting to be trapped on a nighttime or weekend train, especially in Transbay Tube, when someone is having a mental health crisis or is otherwise being threatening.

A pretty clear illustration of the danger of disorder on public transit comes from New York City this week, where a mentally unhinged person burned a sleeping woman to death on the subway. NYC is one of America’s safest big cities, and the murder rate is low. But you should be able to ride the train without being worried that a crazy person will burn you to death if you fall asleep.

There are a number of things American cities can do to curb this urban disorder, if they’re so inclined.

First, note that both Europe and Asia make it much easier to involuntarily commit people with psychiatric disorders to mental institutions. The U.S.’s de-institutionalization movement in the 1960s and 1970s went much further than similar movements in other countries, and the idea that involuntary commitment represents a form of totalitarian state oppression is still a pillar of progressive ideology to this day.

Of course, sometimes, the progressives were right — and still are. Involuntary commitment lends itself to abuses, since mentally ill people are easy to take advantage of. Mental hospitals require constant monitoring to prevent such abuses. But the alternative that America has embraced since the 70s is arguably even less humane — it has condemned many people with severe and dangerous mental illnesses to bounce back and forth between jail and the terrors of the streets.

Involuntary commitment, not conformist culture or racial homogeneity, is the why mentally ill people don’t scream at you on the streets of Tokyo. I have personally witnessed a dangerous mentally ill person being forcibly restrained and committed in Tokyo — it’s not pretty, and I hope there’s oversight to prevent that person from being abused, but it works.

Notably, New York City has tried to fight the post-pandemic wave of urban disorder by stepping up efforts to involuntarily commit people. San Francisco, though, has declined to follow suit. And most cities in America simply ignore the question, since they’re not walkable enough for mentally ill street people to matter much.

As for transit, a key method of keeping it orderly is to simply make people pay for it. Crazy people and petty criminals are often deterred by the small cost of a train or bus fare. Progressives, of course, always push for free public transit; when that doesn’t work, they fight against vigorous enforcement of fare jumping. But this usually spoils the commons that public transit represents — by letting a bunch of crazy people and petty criminals ride for free, it discourages the mass of normal folks who can choose to walk or bike or drive or take Uber. This results in public transit becoming a form of taxpayer-supported welfare instead of a service that most voters use — and this tends to make it vulnerable to budget cuts and disinvestment.

Lo and behold, when some BART stations in the Bay Area put in new ticket gates that are very hard to get past, and added more cops on trains, conditions on the train rapidly improved.

Beyond expanding involuntary commitment and enforcing transit fares, there are a bunch of small things American cities can do to curb disorder — arresting people for selling fentanyl on the street, investigating and imprisoning the smash-and-grab rings that terrorize urban retail outlets, and so on. San Francisco did many of these things in advance of Xi Jinping’s visit to the city for the APEC summit in 2023, and large parts of the downtown area have been noticeably nicer since then (“noticeably nicer” being a relative term, of course). If SF can clean up disorder for the dictator of China, why can’t it do it for its own regular law-abiding taxpaying citizens?

Matt Yglesias also points out that cities in Europe are much more tolerant of ubiquitous security cameras. Cameras are certainly one reason why crime in Japan is so low. In America, the progressives who tend to dominate big-city politics and culture have fought tooth and nail against expanded use of cameras, despite the fact that the chief beneficiaries of those cameras would be poor people of color.

In general, American cities — and to some degree, states — have tried to use anarchy as a form of welfare. By being permissive toward aggressive street behavior, drug use, fare jumping, and petty crime, they have tried to make life more tolerable for poor people. Except it’s primarily poor Americans whose lives are wrecked by the social ills that progressives refuse to crack down on; the middle class and the wealthy can retreat to their car-centric suburbs.

And so American cities are known throughout the world as shitholes, and their residents hide in their houses and drive their cars down highways to the mall instead of taking the train and walking through a nice downtown full of shops. Small-time fentanyl dealers, shoplifters, and unhinged street bullies have a slight measure of freedom, and the regular citizens of America go visit the metropolises of Asia and Europe and wonder what their own country is missing.

Update: Lehman and Mangual have some additional data about the lack of safety on American public transit, and some good ideas about what could be done to improve it:

Charlotte’s public-transit system has a reputation for danger. In recent polling, just 37 percent of residents of the surrounding Mecklenburg County described the system’s buses and trains as safe from crime, and just 29 percent called the stations safe. That’s consistent with research showing that extending the Blue Line caused an increase in crime in the immediate vicinity of new stations. But the problem isn’t just in Charlotte. Although major crimes are declining nationwide, crimes on transit remained elevated through the end of 2024, according to data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

How can Charlotte keep people such as Brown off the train? The answer goes back to his first offense of that evening—failure to pay his fare. People likely to commit major offenses underground also tend to commit minor offenses: fare evasion, riding bicycles or scooters in a station, or using drugs. In recent years, many jurisdictions have ratcheted back enforcement of these offenses on public transit. Charlotte is only now saying that it will add fare-inspection capacity, following years in which nobody checked tickets.

I strongly recommend the rest of the article as well.


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1

And focusing only on white victims causes us to ignore other horrific cases, like the black San Francisco father who was attacked and stabbed to death by a Hispanic man while picking his son up from school the other day.

2

These people often get called “homeless”, but in my experience actual homeless people tend to be less disorderly and violent than drugged-up people who already have places to live.

3

The same seems to be true of housing construction. Some studies find that public housing, or subsidized “affordable” housing, is associated with a small increase in local crime, other studies find no effect. In general, the effect seems to depend a lot on the type of neighborhood where the housing is built, and on the characteristics of the housing itself. These studies are less cut-and-dry than the studies of bus stops and train stations, so I decided to put them in a footnote.

Putting the Burden on States

Send your congratulations to Donald Trump, Elon Musk and Republican lawmakers for reducing the cost of social programs to the federal government, largely by cutting services for the most vulnerable.

Well, not really: The cost continues to rise, but the rate of increase has been dulled by limiting eligibility for food stamps, Medicaid, job-training programs, research grants, public health programs and foreign aid that feeds the starving abroad.

Of course, the same people did that towards an illusionary goal of defraying the cost of extending tax cuts largely for the wealthy and corporations and to increase military and border spending. Their math deserves a failing grade: The national debt has shot up wildly again.

As the Republican-majority Congress and the Trump administration focus on another budget cycle, a “pocket recissions” plan to “claw back” yet more money already approved by Congress, and the prospect of a shutdown of much of the federal government over political exclusions that refuse compromise, the reality is beginning to settle around governors and state legislatures left to pick up the pieces.

As we said at the time, mostly what the feds did was to shift their costs onto states who must either raise taxes or cut services substantially to meet both federal requirements and their own yearly balanced-budget laws.

Somehow, few outside hard-core MAGA fans are celebrating.

Asking the States

The Washington Post called officials in the 50 states about what they face, getting about a third of both red and blue states to respond. The survey expected shows that the states face deep cuts and changes to Medicaid and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) food stamps programs ringing in at hundreds of millions of dollars in new costs each year.

Despite Trump’s continuing insistence that no one will be hurt by cuts to health and social services, the states tell a different story. “There’s not a single state that has the resources to make up for this. You cannot backfill it,” Maryland Democratic Gov. Wes Moore told The Post, “The federal government is now literally saying to the states, ‘You are now on your own.’”

Provisions of the “Big Beautiful Bill” roll out over years, complicating assessments about how to administer the rules and to determine the choices between year-by-year costs or elimination of services. The changes could mean higher state taxes or the reality of more than 10 million (some estimates say 17 million) losing health insurance and 3 million fewer food stamp recipients.

Some states themselves want to cut taxes, creating more financial pressures. In any case, the bill also limited the so-called provider tax, which states were using to collect from hospitals and other providers to boost Medicaid payments towards federal matching funds. But states and hospitals still are required to pay for those who arrive at emergency rooms regardless of ability to pay, pressuring rural hospitals.

Given the effects of tariffs on jobs and supply lines and an economy that is looking more troubled, the job of patching the holes has become yet more difficult.

Governors Respond

Officials in Republican-led Arkansas, Ohio and North Dakota said they did not anticipate cuts to other programs following Medicaid and SNAP changes and were more focused on implementing new work requirements than on counting those affected. Other states, including Georgia, have implemented tough work requirements that have left people without health benefits mostly because of the paperwork involved, not the issue of working.

Arkansas Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders even praised what she said was a 15 percent cut in taxes for her state’s middle-class families. Hmm. It seems like fuzzy math.

Democratic-run state officials who responded said the impact of federal cutbacks will be severe.

Delaware said they would have to hire new staff to implement twice-a-year work requirement paperwork and will need to postpone other projects. Pennsylvania says the paperwork will cost it $55 million a year. Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healey signed a fiscal year 2026 state budget that was $1 billion less than what she proposed in January and vetoed $130 million worth of projects to find needed savings. New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy told The Post even tightening other projects would probably still leave lots of aid recipients out of luck.

Oklahoma Gov. Kevin Stitt, a Republican who chairs the National Governors Association, said that states will have time to prepare and adjust. He has also said that his state’s officer of faith-based initiatives has been inundated with offers of help from churches and nonprofit groups.

Several governors said there are outstanding questions about how implementation of Medicaid work requirements is going to work.

After all the posturing, we still don’t really see our reduced government tax dollars either keeping costs down or Making America Healthy.


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Live coverage: SpaceX to launch 28 Starlink satellites on Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral

File: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket stands at Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) ahead of the launch of the Starlink 12-21 mission. Image: Adam Bernstein/Spaceflight Now

SpaceX is preparing to launch its next batch of Starlink satellites from Florida’s Space Coast in the predawn hours of Thursday morning.

The Starlink 10-61 mission will see a batch of 28 Starlink V2 mini satellites launched into a low Earth orbit about an hour after liftoff. SpaceX plans to launch its Falcon 9 rocket from pad 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at 5:30 a.m. EDT (0930 UTC).

Spaceflight Now will have live coverage beginning about an hour prior to liftoff.

The 45th Weather Squadron forecast a 65 percent chance for favorable weather during the launch window. Meteorologists said they are watching out for the impact from cumulus clouds.

“Although these clouds are likely to be isolated-to-scattered, a concentrated band of moisture bringing more cloud cover and longer periods of unfavorable conditions to the Cape is possible,” launch weather officers wrote. “Outside of that situation, most of the cloud tops should remain at, or below, flight-through levels but some tops may extend high enough to require more standoff distance.”

The launch will be the seventh flight for Falcon 9 first stage booster B1092. Previous missions included three national security missions, two batches of Starlink satellites and SpaceX’s 32nd cargo flight to the International Space Station.

Nearly 8.5 minutes after liftoff, SpaceX plans to land B1092 on the drone ship, Just Read the Instructions. If all goes well, this will be the 136th touchdown for this vessel and the 506th booster landing to date.

L.A. vs O.C. : Just How Different Are They, Anyway?

WHAT IS IT between Los Angeles and Orange counties?

Could Walt Disney Fix His Company's Problems Today?

Walt Disney was a gosh darn fool. He had no clue how to make a brand franchise film.

When he started releasing feature-length movies, he relied on stories in the public domain—drawn from fairy tales and old books with expired copyrights. So he couldn’t prevent other studios from telling the exact same tales with the same characters.

And Mr. Disney was even dopier than Dopey when it came to extending the brand. He would get laughed out of film school today. Hedge funds would buy up shares in his studio just to get him fired.


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Consider his first feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This was a huge success—the top grossing movie of 1938. If that happened today, the studio would immediately start work on sequels, prequels, and spinoffs.

In a flash, we would get Snow White Returns, or a dwarf origins tale, or at least a Prince Charming dating app. But Walt Disney did something different—and so bizarre that nobody would consider imitating it today.

Read more

Can you spot famous celestial objects in this image? Can you spot famous celestial objects in this image?


A newly discovered comet is already visible with binoculars. A newly discovered comet is already visible with binoculars.


Hacking Electronic Safes

Vulnerabilities in electronic safes that use Securam Prologic locks:

While both their techniques represent glaring security vulnerabilities, Omo says it’s the one that exploits a feature intended as a legitimate unlock method for locksmiths that’s the more widespread and dangerous. “This attack is something where, if you had a safe with this kind of lock, I could literally pull up the code right now with no specialized hardware, nothing,” Omo says. “All of a sudden, based on our testing, it seems like people can get into almost any Securam Prologic lock in the world.”

[…]

Omo and Rowley say they informed Securam about both their safe-opening techniques in spring of last year, but have until now kept their existence secret because of legal threats from the company. “We will refer this matter to our counsel for trade libel if you choose the route of public announcement or disclosure,” a Securam representative wrote to the two researchers ahead of last year’s Defcon, where they first planned to present their research.

Only after obtaining pro bono legal representation from the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s Coders’ Rights Project did the pair decide to follow through with their plan to speak about Securam’s vulnerabilities at Defcon. Omo and Rowley say they’re even now being careful not to disclose enough technical detail to help others replicate their techniques, while still trying to offer a warning to safe owners about two different vulnerabilities that exist in many of their devices.

The company says that it plans on updating its locks by the end of the year, but have no plans to patch any locks already sold.

LA Ports: Imports and Exports Down YoY in August

Container traffic gives us an idea about the volume of goods being exported and imported - and usually some hints about the trade report since LA area ports handle about 40% of the nation's container port traffic.

The following graphs are for inbound and outbound traffic at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach in TEUs (TEUs: 20-foot equivalent units or 20-foot-long cargo container).

The first graph is the monthly data (with a strong seasonal pattern for imports).

LA Area Port TrafficClick on graph for larger image.

Usually imports peak in the July to October period as retailers import goods for the Christmas holiday and then decline sharply and bottom in the Winter depending on the timing of the Chinese New Year.  

Imports were down 2% YoY in August, and exports were down 1% YoY.    

To remove the strong seasonal component for inbound traffic, the second graph shows the rolling 12-month average.

LA Area Port TrafficOn a rolling 12-month basis, inbound traffic decreased 0.2% in August compared to the rolling 12 months ending the previous month.   

Outbound traffic decreased 0.1% compared to the rolling 12 months ending the previous month.

This is the 9th consecutive month with exports down YoY.

FOMC Statement: 25bp Rate Cut

Fed Chair Powell press conference video here or on YouTube here, starting at 2:30 PM ET.

FOMC Statement:
Recent indicators suggest that growth of economic activity moderated in the first half of the year. Job gains have slowed, and the unemployment rate has edged up but remains low. Inflation has moved up and remains somewhat elevated.

The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. Uncertainty about the economic outlook remains elevated. The Committee is attentive to the risks to both sides of its dual mandate and judges that downside risks to employment have risen.

In support of its goals and in light of the shift in the balance of risks, the Committee decided to lower the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point to 4 to 4‑1/4 percent. In considering additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. The Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage‑backed securities. The Committee is strongly committed to supporting maximum employment and returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.

In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee's goals. The Committee's assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.

Voting for the monetary policy action were Jerome H. Powell, Chair; John C. Williams, Vice Chair; Michael S. Barr; Michelle W. Bowman; Susan M. Collins; Lisa D. Cook; Austan D. Goolsbee; Philip N. Jefferson; Alberto G. Musalem; Jeffrey R. Schmid; and Christopher J. Waller. Voting against this action was Stephen I. Miran, who preferred to lower the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/2 percentage point at this meeting.
emphasis added

FOMC Projections: GDP Revised Up Slightly

Statement here.

Fed Chair Powell press conference video here or on YouTube here, starting at 2:30 PM ET.

Here are the projections.  

Since the last projections were released, economic growth, the unemployment rate and inflation all have been close to expectations.

The BEA's estimate for first half 2025 GDP showed real growth at 1.4% annualized. Most estimates for Q3 GDP are around 2%.  That would put the real growth for the first three quarters at 1.6% annualized - above the top of end of the June projections.  The FOMC revised up Q4 2025 and Q4 2026 GDP growth slightly.

GDP projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents, Change in Real GDP1
Projection Date202520262027
Sept 20251.4 to 1.71.7 to 2.11.8 to 2.0
Jun 20251.2 to 1.51.5 to 1.81.7 to 2.0
1 Projections of change in real GDP and inflation are from the fourth quarter of the previous year to the fourth quarter of the year indicated.

The unemployment rate was at 4.3% in August.  The unemployment rate will likely increase further this year.  This was unrevised.

Unemployment projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents, Unemployment Rate2
Projection Date202520262027
Sept 20254.4 to 4.54.4 to 4.54.2 to 4.4
Jun 20254.4 to 4.54.3 to 4.64.2 to 4.6
2 Projections for the unemployment rate are for the average civilian unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of the year indicated.

As of July 2025, PCE inflation increased 2.6% year-over-year (YoY), unchanged from 2.6% YoY in June. There will likely be some further increases in the 2nd half of 2025, and the FOMC narrowed the range.

Inflation projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents, PCE Inflation1
Projection Date202520262027
Sept 20252.9 to 3.02.4-2.72.0 to 2.2
Jun 20252.8 to 3.22.3-2.62.0 to 2.2

PCE core inflation increased 2.9% YoY in July, up from 2.8% YoY in June.  There will likely be further increase in core PCE inflation and the FOMC narrowed the range.

Core Inflation projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents, Core Inflation1
Projection Date202520262027
Sept 20253.0 to 3.22.5-2.72.0 to 2.2
Jun 20252.9 to 3.42.3-2.62.0 to 2.2

Wednesday assorted links

1. Big industrial jobs cuts in Germany.

2. Kevin Bryan economics of AI multi-book review, self-recommending.

3. Google AI agents that can use stablecoins.

4. Ezra Klein talks with Ben Shapiro (NYT).  Recommended.

5. “Finnish tech firm Bluefors, a maker of ultracold refrigerator systems critical for quantum computing, has purchased tens of thousands of liters of Helium-3 from the moon — spending “above $300 million” — through a commercial space company called Interlune. The agreement, which has not been previously reported, marks the largest purchase of a natural resource from space.”  Link here.

6. “Just now: @arcinstitute  reports the first viable genomes designed using AI.”  Link here.

The post Wednesday assorted links appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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A Way We Were

Hearing the news yesterday that Robert Redford had passed away reminded me of one of the most moving, and bittersweet, memories that Prince shared with us toward the end of his life. It began as an uncharacteristically direct moment of vulnerability, and eventually turned into a conversation about the one most important lesson he wanted everyone to learn about his life’s work. It’s one that seems more relevant than ever today.

Prince’s final tour was called “Piano & a Microphone”, an intimate show where he’d play his own songs, and songs that had meant a lot to him growing up, while telling stories of his life or of the moments that inspired those songs.

In those last shows, including at the final concert of his life, Prince would play a searing, heartfelt medley of Bob Marley’s “Waiting in Vain” and his own “If I Was Your Girlfriend”.

During the song, Prince paused and put up a still photo of Robert Redford and Barbara Streisand from “The Way We Were”, asking the audience if they remembered the scene in the film where the couple breaks up, only for Streisand’s character to immediately call Redford’s character to console her despite being her ex.

Prince onstage during his final concert, with an image projected behind him of Redford and Streisand from The Way We Were

Prince then resumes his song with the next verse, “would u run 2 me if somebody hurt u, even if that somebody was me?” It’s a surprisingly revealing look at the inspiration, or at least an artistic connection, behind one of Prince’s most beloved songs. Though it’s far from one of his biggest hits or his best-known compositions, “If I Was Your Girlfriend” is beloved by fans for its groundbreaking bending of gender, its genuinely unique production, and especially the empathy and vulnerability of its narrative. And now we saw Prince dropping his long-maintained stage persona to talk about a romantic movie that came out when he was 15 years old. We can only imagine the imp ression it left on him as a teenager, enough for him to reference it more than 40 years later with absolutely no loss in emotional resonance.

Prince’s Version

In an era when an entire generation has grown up listening to “Taylor’s Version” of a recording, fans’ fluency about intellectual property and artists’ rights of ownership is very high. But in the 80s and 90s, it was often considered gauche for an artist to talk about such commercial concerns, and very few mainstream media outlets even mentioned the long history of Black artists having had their work exploited and extracted by the music industry over the years.

After becoming one of the most popular and consequential artists of the 1980s, Prince started, in the early 1990s, to focus his career on getting control of his artistic output — specifically his master recordings. During this time, he said that the one thing he wanted to be remembered for was “If u don’t own your masters, then your masters own u.

That message of artistic control over creativity has always stuck with me, and I was reminded of it again when Prince had performed his beautiful, moving cover of that Marley song mashed up with one of his own greatest compositions.

So I asked him if he would release a recording of his live performance of the track for us fans to be able to listen to legally.

me asking Prince in a tweet, can you make one of the Waiting In Vain/If I Was Your Girlfriend medleys a Tidal single, too? Would love to be able to share it!

He responded in a deleted tweet (he usually deleted nearly all of his tweets shortly after posting) that he would have to ask the Marley estate's permission in order to release the recording. I pointed out that he technically didn't need to do so, since the legal regime of compulsory licensing meant that artists could record a cover without having to ask the original composer. This was, for example, how Sinead O'Connor had been able to record his composition "Nothing Compares 2 U" without having had to ask for his clearance.

my response, saying Sure, but compulsory licensing allows it? Could just send the letter, wait 30 days, pay the royalties, yay Marley estate! :)

Prince's response was, well... classic Prince. (He tended to respond to tweets by copying-and-pasting them into his responses instead of quoting them.)

ONE OF THE MOST HEINOUS ACTS EVER PERPETRATED ON MUSICIANS!!

ONE OF THE MOST HEINOUS ACTS EVER PERPETRATED ON MUSICIANS!! seems to be fairly consistent with his views about how artists should have been able to maintain full control over their work. Well, at least how he should have been able to maintain full control over his work — Prince played covers of other artists without their prior consent all the time. In fact, the true genius of how Prince played the greatest Super Bowl halftime show of all time was due to his deep and brilliantly subtle use of cover songs as incredibly thoughtful cultural commentary.

But that complexity aside, what I largely took away from reflecting on this exchange from almost a decade ago was how much I miss having this kind of interplay about artists' rights and artistic influence with smart, engaged, thoughtful creators.

Redford fought throughout his career for underrepresented creators to have the stage (and the screen) at platforms like Sundance, just as so many institutions falter and back off of support for those vital creators. He gave voice to narratives like the immorality of McCarthyism in films like The Way We Were, just as a new wave of equally virulent witch hunts begins to ramp up. His most legendary roles like All The President's Men ring most resonant when we see The Washington Post making a mockery of itself against the backdrop of a presidency whose corruption is even more depraved, carried out by those who don't even bother to hide it.

Similarly, Prince shared his stages and studios with an incredibly broad and diverse set of collaborators, and constantly reminded them that they needed to walk away with real ownership of their work. He fought the biggest and most powerful companies that attempted to control every aspect of culture and media, and even when it took decades to do so, wrested control of his work back into his own hands, all while pioneering so many of the tools and technologies and techniques that would inspire a new generation of artists to demand the rights they deserve. Just as importantly, he never backed down from using the art he created to speak up on issues of social justice and equity, standing on the biggest stages to plainly speak to the humanity and dignity of every person.

Waiting

But beyond those big headlines, there are the simple acts that these artists performed on a daily basis. They made art where they allowed themselves to be vulnerable. They dressed with style all the time, even when nobody was looking. They let themselves be inspired by the unexpected, by other forms of art, by everything around them. And they made a space for the next generation to follow in their footsteps, to create on their own terms, to go even further after they're gone.


Listen to Waiting in Vain / If I Was Your Girlfriend (Live on April 14, 2016)

Two Books Map London

Two books out this year, both from Batsford, explore London through maps. Vincent Westbrook’s Modern London Maps focuses on more than 60 maps from the 20th century. Like many books of this kind, Modern London… More

New print edition of Works in Progress

Amazing, here is the site: “The print edition contains everything you can get online, plus a lot more: print-exclusive columns, beautiful art and design, letters from our readers and editors, and visual explainers of technology.”

The post New print edition of Works in Progress appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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Kat Abughazaleh’s punk-rock House bid

From The 19th – CHICAGO — It is 2 p.m. on a Friday before a long weekend and as Kat Abughazaleh sits down at the tamales shop near her campaign office on Chicago’s North Side, she laments that the day has been so busy that she’d only managed to scrounge up a single saltine with some hot sauce.

Saltines and hot sauce have become a go-to snack for the 26-year-old Democratic congressional candidate. Running for the House of Representatives has proven to be consuming, and the combo always seems to be on hand.

Already that day, Abughazaleh had woken up early for a therapy appointment (that she’d forgotten to schedule), taken her cat to the vet, arrived at the office for an all-day staff retreat to discuss their signature-gathering efforts to get on the ballot and participated in a photo shoot for this story. She updated her widely followed social media accounts along the way, teasing a forthcoming video that would highlight how the fight for workers’ rights in Chicago helped establish the imminent Labor Day holiday.

Thursday had been a late night — the campaign had hosted a punk show at a Wrigleyville bar. Punks for Progress featured three bands: Rude Echoes, The First Rule and Malört & Savior. In between sets, the local stand-up comedian Steve Tapas cracked that he knew the $5 he spent for the Abughazaleh campaign sticker on his drink cup “was not going to Democratic consultants” and blasted party leaders for being feckless when it came to standing up to Republican President Donald Trump.

Kat Abughazaleh
Kat Abughazaleh sits outside a restaurant near her campaign office in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, on August 26, 2025. (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

“What did you say? You didn’t like Chuck Schumer’s resistance? What? You don’t think the DNC, that took over $1.5 billion to lose the last campaign, is doing enough?” Tapas said to jeers from the crowd.

The vibe in the bar was righteous fury. Attendees in earplugs — available for free in the rear of the room, at the merchandise table — nodded their heads as Tapas said, “The price of eggs is $9 and my trans friends are scared to walk down the street.” They were dressed in “Tax the Rich” t-shirts, and in American flag pants, and in denim jackets with patches for the punk bands Minor Threat and Bikini Kill and another that urged “Protect Trans Youth.” There were songs about American imperialism and lyrics about how “nothing lasts forever, even one’s country.” There were reminders to tip the bartender, a military veteran. Special guest DJ Jayleigh, who spins for drag and burlesque shows, joined The First Rule on stage for their song “Dictator (We Elected A…),” written after Trump’s first election, when Abughazaleh was not yet old enough to vote.

Kat Abughazaleh
Kat Abughazaleh does a shot of Malört with the bands Malört and Savoir during “Punks for Progress,” on August 25, 2025, in Chicago. (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

Abughazaleh wore a black leather jacket over a “Make Nazis Afraid Again” t-shirt, denim cutoffs, fishnet stockings and black high-heeled boots. Periodically, she would stop skanking  — a type of moshing associated with ska music — and take the microphone to talk about affordable housing, groceries and health care, a trifecta she called “basic human rights.” She gleefully told the crowd that she had just texted a friend: “There’s a keffiyeh in the mosh pit!” She and members of Malört & Savior took shots of the band’s namesake anise-flavored liquor, infamous to Chicago.

Looming over the event was Trump’s recent intimation that the city could be next on his list to send federal law enforcement. “Are we pissed the fuck off?” Abughazaleh called out. “Yeah!!!” the crowd responded. “Can I get a ‘fuck ICE!’ in here? Can I get a ‘fuck Trump!’ in here?” she continued.

Kat Abughazaleh
Kat Abughazaleh listens to the bands with friends and supporters during “Punks for Progress.” (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

“This is not just about me getting into Congress — I don’t want to do this for the rest of my life,” Abughazaleh told them of her campaign. “I’m 26 and this is the most rewarding thing I’ve ever done, it is the most exhausting thing I’ve ever done. How do people do this for decades and decades? The conclusion I’ve come to is that they stop doing it right. And what we need right now is representatives that talk to people, that listen to them, that flex empathy like a muscle, and then leave this job … for the next generation.”

When Abughazaleh launched her bid to represent Illinois’ 9th District on March 24, her 26th birthday, she joined a growing cohort of young Democrats who have concluded the stakes for democracy are so high — and the party’s old guard is so reluctant to give up power — that they need to push their way into the political arena, even if they are met with resistance.

At the time, the heavily Democratic district’s current representative, Jan Schakowsky, had not announced plans to retire, so Abughazaleh’s candidacy meant that she was challenging an incumbent who had held the seat since the year she was born, 1999. Abughazaleh explained that while Schakowsky was a reliably liberal vote in Congress, the last presidential election — when Kamala Harris replaced Joe Biden on the ticket at the eleventh hour and ultimately lost to Trump despite raising and spending $1.5 billion in a whirlwind campaign — underscored the need for proactive generational change.

Abughazaleh’s campaign slogan is a question: “What if we didn’t suck?” The “we” are Democrats. In a direct-to-camera launch video, she says, “Donald Trump and Elon Musk are dismantling our country piece by piece and so many Democrats seem content to just sit back and let them. So I say it’s time to drop the excuses and grow a fucking spine.”

Though Trump’s approval rating is underwater and sinking, a series of opinion polls released over the summer also portend serious issues for Democrats as they attempt to take back control of the House, Senate or both in the 2026 midterm elections. Angry Democratic voters spent the summer at town halls pleading with their representatives to do more to counter Trump and his agenda. Pundits have started asking whether this is the Democrats’ “Tea Party” moment, likening it to the grassroots conservative takeover of the Republican Party in 2010 after the election of President Barack Obama.

Kat Abughazaleh
Kat Abughazaleh sits for a portrait in her campaign office in the North Side neighborhood of Rogers Park on August 26, 2025, in Chicago. (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

Abughazaleh explained that the question of Democratic succession is “less about age and more about the fact … that you’re legislating on ideas that are completely abstract to you as a person.”

“Most of our members of Congress didn’t go through school shooting drills or didn’t have kids that went through school shooting drills; they don’t have to worry about out-of-pocket [health care] costs or paying rent because they own their house, and that’s good for them, but it makes it really difficult when you’re legislating about corporate landlords or about universal health care or about gun control,” she said.

Abughazaleh’s path to being a congressional candidate has been as surprising to herself as much as to anyone else: She was supposed to be monitoring right-wing politicians for Media Matters for America, the liberal nonprofit newsroom where she got her first non-service industry job after graduating from George Washington University in 2020. But after Musk sued the organization over their reporting on antisemitism on his social media platform X, Media Matters was forced into layoffs and Abughazaleh lost her job. She joined her partner, Ben Collins, in New York City for a time and then did a stint freelancing as a “digital nomad” while she figured out how to leverage the large social media followings she had built across platforms. Her longtime bio on X, formerly Twitter, was: “I watch Tucker Carlson so you don’t have to.”

When Collins moved to Chicago to become chief executive of the satirical newspaper The Onion, Abughazaleh saw it as a chance to explore another geographic “cornerstone” of her family. Abughazaleh’s maternal grandmother was a prominent GOP operative in Texas; she was raised in a household where President Ronald Reagan could do no wrong. She grew up in Dallas, spent summers in a tiny Colorado town and moved to Tucson halfway through high school. Chicago, though, was where her father spent much of his childhood. His own father settled there after fleeing The Nakba, an Arabic word meaning “catastrophe” that describes the mass, forced displacement of Palestinians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Abughazaleh noted that she “could have, from day one, been like, ‘I’m a third-generation Chicagoan,’” to quash early criticism in the House race that she was a carpetbagger who had moved to the city just months before. “But I think that’s kind of toxic, how we look at politics, and I don’t think that should make someone vote for me. There are a lot of refugees in our own country that are coming here, whether it’s because you or your kid is trans, or you’re trying to protect your reproductive health,” she said, adding that once she starts trying to have children, for example, she won’t be comfortable spending time in Texas due to its restrictive abortion laws.

“One of the cool parts of the campaign is learning specifics about my family history here,” Abughazaleh continued. “I knew my grandfather came here for college. He went to George Williams, when it was still in Hyde Park, then went back to the Middle East and opened the first Western-style supermarket in Kuwait. We have a lot of really cool volunteers who have kind of gone into archives. They found this picture of my grandfather in his yearbook … it’s like ‘Taher Abughazaleh, an ardent advocate for the rights of the people, reads his Quran in traditional costume.’”

The move to Chicago meant Abughazaleh was on the ground for last summer’s Democratic National Convention. She got credentialed as an independent creator to cover it. When it became clear that party leaders would not allow a Palestinian speaker as Israel’s war in Gaza raged on, dividing the party’s base, she joined a group of uncommitted delegates outside to protest. They slept there; the experience was overwhelming. “I heard slurs that I never heard before, aimed at us, and I am a Palestinian kid who grew up in Texas after 9/11,” she said. But there was also kindness: Colleagues at a podcast she was contributing to sent tea, coffee, nicotine and snacks.

“I still had hope till the end of the DNC. I was, like, maybe there’s a chance to turn this around. And then they didn’t; she didn’t,” Abughazaleh said of Democrats and Harris. “Then a bunch of people who haven’t won an election in a decade or more came in and gave the same shitty advice that’s lost us elections unless we had a literal global pandemic.”

On election night, Abughazaleh went to bed early as Collins continued to watch returns. When she woke up briefly in the early hours of Wednesday and saw that it was shaping up to be a near clean sweep of swing states for Trump, she thought, “Fuck it, I’m going to run for something.”

Then she went back to bed.

It took Abughazaleh several more months of tallying up what she thought was wrong in Democratic politics before she definitively decided to challenge Schakowsky. The final straw was watching party leaders at Trump’s inauguration, then, them “pushing through his fascist appointees.” She recalled thinking, “They’re not going to do anything, are they?” Sometime in February — “I don’t remember the exact breaking point, but there’s a note in my planner” — she told herself: “OK, I guess I’m running for Congress now.”

But she would run a very different type of campaign.

Abughazaleh has focused on mutual aid and is using her campaign’s fundraising prowess to inject resources into the district. The price of “admission” to her launch event was donated menstrual products, which were given to an area shelter. Backpacks filled with supplies were stacked in a corner of the campaign’s office from a recent back-to-school drive. During the backpack drive, the campaign booked a popular barbershop for the day, providing $2,500 worth of free haircuts, mostly for kids. Sam Weinberg, Abughazaleh’s 24-year-old campaign manager, said he was drawn to work for her, despite not having traditional campaign experience, because of the “vision of the campaign she had,” which “wasn’t awful and soul sucking.”

Kat Abughazaleh
If elected, Kat Abughazaleh would be the youngest woman, the first Gen Z woman and the second Palestinian American woman ever elected to Congress. (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

Amanda Litman, the co-founder and president of Run for Something, which supports young and diverse progressive candidates in state and local races, said that roughly 67,000 people have signed up to explore a run for office since the 2024 elections — more than during the entirety of Trump’s first term. About 80 percent are under 40 and the field slightly favors women. While Run for Something does not work with candidates for federal offices, Litman said she still gets a lot of email from people considering running for Congress, “and particularly about primarying Democrats.” She has spoken to Abugazaleh informally and is tracking her campaign, but is not advising her in any official capacity.

Litman said the biggest spikes in interest that Run for Something saw were in the two weeks after Trump beat Harris; in February, after the first wave of firings of federal workers by Trump’s so-called Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE; when New York City progressive Zohran Mamdani won the mayoral primary; and in March, when Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer “caved” — Litman’s word choice — during a congressional standoff over a spending bill and worked with Republicans to avert a government shutdown. As another spending fight looms, liberal commentators are questioning whether Schumer and other leaders need to embrace more obstructionist tactics.

“The thing we’re hearing that’s different this time around is that people are saying, ‘I’m done waiting for my turn,’” Litman said of the influx of candidates. “They’re particularly furious at the party leadership and they want to see that the leaders are as mad as they are.”

She said if you plot Democratic candidates on two axes, fight versus fold and transform versus return, in terms of the direction of the party, it’s “the people on the fight and transform, they’re breaking through.”

At the federal level, these candidates face real headwinds: Taking on an entrenched incumbent requires tenacity and economic resources. But it has been done before. In 2018, now-Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez beat then-Rep. Joseph Crowley of New York, who was seen as a potential successor to then-Speaker Nancy Pelosi. In the years since, she has built a national profile via her savvy use of social media and membership in the Squad, a group of progressive House lawmakers who are mostly women of color. They are a frequent target of right-wing media and politicians, while also sometimes playing the role of left-of-center antagonists to their own party. Their stances on national and international issues — a minimum wage hike, raising taxes on the wealthy, universal health care, the war in Gaza — carry immense weight with the Democratic base.

Ocasio-Cortez is now seen as a potential challenger to Schumer. Around the time that the minority leader canceled his book tour during uproar from Democratic voters about the government-funding battle, Ocasio-Cortez and Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont packed tens of thousands into venues for their Fighting Oligarchy Tour.

“AOC is absolutely an inspiration,” Abughazaleh said. “She created a permission structure for people like me to be able to run, and I wanna create a permission structure for even more people.”

Abughazaleh pointed out, when drawing contrasts between herself and her Democratic primary opponents, that she comes into the race already having a sizable social media following and is likewise already accustomed to weathering attacks from prominent far-right figures — many of them virulently misogynist.

Young candidates who, like Abughazaleh, are challenging their party’s status quo skew liberal. Beyond policy, they share the sentiment that their party elders did little to stop Trump’s rise and are ill-equipped now to contend with the far-right forces his movement unleashed. They reject the conclusion, after Democrats’ brief soul-searching following the party’s devastating 2024 loss, that Harris’ failure to respond to Trump’s attacks on her support of transgender people led to her defeat.  (Rumored 2028 presidential hopefuls, including California Gov. Gavin Newsom and former Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg, have since publicly softened their support for transgender rights, specifically as it relates to playing sports.)

These young candidates make the case, in styles that range from angry to humorous, that it’s time for those in power to step aside from the broken system they have built and make room for a generation that has never experienced anything else, but insist a different, better Democratic Party is possible. They believe that showing they are willing to fight to protect vulnerable people’s rights, while offering an economic plan that appeals to the middle and working classes, isn’t an either/or but a both/and endeavor.

“Trans people have kitchen tables. People that love trans people have kitchen tables. Immigrants have kitchen tables,” Abughazaleh said. “Democrats have been messaging on this issue, which is basic human decency, wrong this entire time. It’s a two-pronged thing. When it comes to extremism, if you’re constantly ceding ground that trans people don’t deserve to exist, or that there are carve-outs for that … it never stops with the people that you deem inhuman, it will always come to you.”

At a Pride Month event, Abughazaleh gave anti-LBGTQ+ protesters the middle finger during a clash, prompting outrage online from the political right. “Yes, I did flip off some bigots for telling children they’d go to hell and, no, I’m not going to apologize,” she said in a video response. The campaign designed a “Kat isn’t sorry” t-shirt with her image, middle finger raised. The shirt urges people to “stand up for trans kids.”

Abughazaleh noted that the far-right uses a playbook of division so their attacks “resonate with people whose material needs aren’t being met.” She cited Russian President Vladimir Putin’s “war against queer people” as a modern-day example. She also pointed to how “when the Nazis came to power in Germany, one of the first things they did was burn down the library of gender and sexuality.”

Abughazaleh does not accept corporate PAC money and has pledged to offer would-be constituents greater access to her, something her campaign is already doing with weekly “office hours.” During one such office hour in July, as she waited for her first guest to join, she fielded a question from the online chat about what she would do after serving her self-limited five terms. She immediately responded: “Hang out with Heater, obviously.” Heater is the cat Abugazaleh adopted with Collins last year after she gifted him a visit to a Brooklyn cat cafe, even though she is allergic to cats. She has embroidered Heater’s likeness on a pair of denim overalls. The orange cat is also depicted on a favorite set of earrings.

Kat Abughazaleh
Kat Abughazaleh walks with a campaign staffer in the Rogers Park neighborhood August 26, 2025, in Chicago. (Jamie Kelter Davis for The 19th)

Abughazaleh said that when she made initial calls about taking on Schakowsky,  “I had people literally hang up the phone when I said there was an incumbent.” She saw it as further evidence of a broken system where you can “literally be blacklisted” by the party and deprived of its machinery and support. After Schakowsky, the incumbent, decided to retire, the 9th District’s primary grew crowded. The field now includes fellow front-runners Evanston Mayor Daniel Biss, a one-time Democratic gubernatorial challenger to current Gov. JB Pritzker, and state Sen. Laura Fine, who has name recognition but trails them both in fundraising.

Abughazaleh joked that for a split second after buying tamales for herself and a campaign worker, she worried the charge wouldn’t go through because she was behind on submitting her expenses for reimbursement. She has been open about likely being one of the “poorest members of Congress” if she is elected, only recently secured health insurance and often talks about the “paywall” that keeps people out of politics.

“I think that competitive primaries are great. If we win, I want someone to try a primary the next [cycle], because I think that if you truly are the best candidate, you shouldn’t be worried about a little competition,” she said.

“When Biden was in power, it was like, ‘Well, we have to keep up a strong front, so you can’t challenge the party.’ And now that Trump’s there, it’s like, ‘Well, we have to show we’re united, so we can’t challenge the party.’ If now is not the time to challenge who is in power, when will there ever be a time?” she asked.


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The post Kat Abughazaleh’s punk-rock House bid appeared first on DCReport.org.

One Bad Thing About Fighting Fascists Is What You Have to Do to Stop Them: Thoughts on a Possible Shutdown

I hope I’m wrong, but I think this is correct (boldface mine):

Much of what I’m about to explain comes from general reporting and observation over recent weeks but also a report this morning from Punchbowl. The gist is that Senate Democrats may make their ask a short-term extension of the Obamacare subsidies which were cut as part of the President’s budget bill. Those subsidies are important. Cutting them will lead to millions of Americans losing their health insurance. Critically, those cuts kick in before the 2026 midterms, while many of the other cuts are intentionally timed to kick in after the midterms. But this move doesn’t actually restore the subsidies, just delays the cuts past the election.

I said I briefly agonized over this because even for a few months those subsidies and the coverage they provide have a big effect on people’s lives. But what we’re really talking about here is a short-term extension, which makes it far more likely these subsidies will never come back on a permanent basis, especially if Democrats fail to regain control of one or both houses of Congress in 2026. You need to read the room and understand the moment you’re in. Democrats are in a battle for everything. Helping Republicans remain in total power in Washington, DC in exchange for momentary relief is not the answer….

I suspect the White House would like Democrats’ cover to push these cuts until the midterms because Trump sees losing control of Congress as an existential threat.

It was pretty obvious rank-and-file Democrats would have to fight our own party to make them take an actual stand.

This also demonstrates the internal incoherence of party leadership. Their plan has been to let everything go to shit and hope voters figure out who is responsible. Never thought we would see accelerationist moderates and centrists, but here we are. Protecting Republicans from their own stupidity by preventing things from going to shit is the exact opposite of what leadership has decided to do.

That said, the larger problem is that the Democratic leadership, such as it is, still hasn’t internalized that the Republican Party is fascist. That does matter, as once you accept your opponents are fascists, you realize that there will be costs to be paid to stop them. There already have been people hurt, in one way or another, by this regime, and there will be more no matter what we do, until the regime is stopped. And the act of stopping them is going to result in American Carnage, one way or another. Hopefully, it will be less carnage than more and those responsible for it will bear the greatest cost, but it could get very bad–and far worse than a few months of healthcare subsidies (as murderous as that will be). To stop fascists, you actually have to stop them, not work on healthcare policy.

Like the post title says–and anti-fascists like the 43 Group understood–one of the worst things about fighting fascists is what you have to do to stop them.

Links 9/16/25

Links for you. Science:

A Deadly, Flesh-Eating Bacteria Is On The Rise, And You Can Get It From Raw Oysters
Can artificial intelligence cause medical errors? This MIT researcher shows it can.
RFK Jr. Is Making His Bid To Become One Of American History’s Biggest Killers
Where Are You Going, Fish?
Ex-CDC Official Says RFK Jr. Was Never Briefed On Key Topics, Including Measles, By Agency Experts
This Stunning Image of the Sun Could Unlock Mysterious Physics

Other:

Officer repeatedly seen on camera in DC crackdown shows Trump agents’ impunity (Two things to add to this excellent story:
1-people from outside D.C. often think the federal security forces will be better than the MPD; they’re not, and often worse; 2-No one should feel safe with this guy on the street. We really do need to detrumpify and scale down law enforcement.)
Breaking Down the White House’s Lies and Distortions About Crime in DC
Danish Intelligence Service Tells Trump To Stop Oafish Espionage Maneuvers
State steps in to ensure access to COVID-19 vaccine (New Mexico)
‘One of the weakest requests for detention I have seen’: Judge releases DC lawyer, West Point grad accused of threatening National Guard
James Dobson ignited the culture wars — and changed US politics
Gaza postwar plan envisions ‘voluntary’ relocation of entire population (utter insanity)
Taylor Swift is not the tradwife you’re looking for
Chicago launches resistance campaign as Trump threatens to send troops
MAGA knows DC takeover isn’t about crime — which is why they love it
Why Maryland’s governor leaned into a fight with Trump: ‘This one is personal’
RFK Jr. tightens his chokehold on the nation’s public health
Ten car chases. Six crashes. Park Police have new rules in Trump’s D.C.
The Getty Villa Remains
Maybe Rex Tillerson Was Right. Maybe Donald Trump Really Is Just A Moron.
Citizen Is Using AI to Generate Crime Alerts With No Human Review. It’s Making a Lot of Mistakes
The Simple Math of Poverty
Young men are blaming Democrats for Trump bleeding them dry
Could Trump Take Hollywood’s Backend?
The unelected ‘junta’ controlling Puerto Rico’s economy
RFK Jr peddles dubious health claims as CDC roils under his leadership
Florida farmers can thank Trump for the severe labor shortage
Immigrants severed from care workforce due to work permit issues
The leader of Trump’s assault on higher education has a troubled legal and financial history
In Trump’s D.C., the Swamp Runneth Over
Top FDA official demands removal of YouTube videos in which he criticized Covid vaccines
Nation’s largest RN union: Time for HHS Secretary RFK Jr. to go
The Concierge Culture
How to Reduce Police Violence: Policing reform is usually tied to body cameras and oversight—how the police behave. Not enough attention is paid to who the police are—and the abusive systems that attract them in the first place.

Newsletter: Housing Starts Decreased to 1.307 million Annual Rate in August

Today, in the Calculated Risk Real Estate Newsletter: Housing Starts Decreased to 1.307 million Annual Rate in August

A brief excerpt:
Total housing starts in August were well below expectations, however, starts in June and July were revised up.

The third graph shows the month-to-month comparison for total starts between 2024 (blue) and 2025 (red).

Starts 2024 vs 2025Total starts were down 6.0% in August compared to August 2024.

Year-to-date (YTD) starts are up 0.7% compared to the same period in 2024. Single family starts are down 4.9% YTD and multi-family up 17.5% YTD.
There is much more in the article.

Housing Starts Decreased to 1.307 million Annual Rate in August

From the Census Bureau: Permits, Starts and Completions
Housing Starts:
Privately-owned housing starts in August were at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1,307,000. This is 8.5 percent below the revised July estimate of 1,429,000 and is 6.0 percent below the August 2024 rate of 1,391,000. Single-family housing starts in August were at a rate of 890,000; this is 7.0 percent below the revised July figure of 957,000. The August rate for units in buildings with five units or more was 403,000.

Building Permits:
Privately-owned housing units authorized by building permits in August were at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1,312,000. This is 3.7 percent below the revised July rate of 1,362,000 and is 11.1 percent below the August 2024 rate of 1,476,000. Single-family authorizations in August were at a rate of 856,000; this is 2.2 percent below the revised July figure of 875,000. Authorizations of units in buildings with five units or more were at a rate of 403,000 in August.
emphasis added
Multi Housing Starts and Single Family Housing StartsClick on graph for larger image.

The first graph shows single and multi-family housing starts since 2000.

Multi-family starts (blue, 2+ units) decreased month-over-month in August.   Multi-family starts were up 8.9% year-over-year.

Single-family starts (red) decreased in August and were down 11.7% year-over-year.

Multi Housing Starts and Single Family Housing StartsThe second graph shows single and multi-family housing starts since 1968.

Total housing starts in August were well below expectations, however, starts in June and July were revised up.

I'll have more later …

A new report finds China’s space program will soon equal that of the US

As Jonathan Roll neared completion of a master's degree in science and technology policy at Arizona State University three years ago, he did some research into recent developments by China's ascendant space program. He came away impressed by the country's growing ambitions.

Now a full-time research analyst at the university, Roll was recently asked to take a deeper dive into Chinese space plans.

"I thought I had a pretty good read on this when I was finishing grad school," Roll told Ars. "That almost everything needed to be updated, or had changed three years later, was pretty scary. On all these fronts, they've made pretty significant progress. They are taking all of the cues from our Western system about what's really galvanized innovation, and they are off to the races with it."

Read full article

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Celebrate Vishvakarma: A Holiday for Machines, Robots, and AI

Most holidays celebrate people, gods or military victories. Today is India’s Vishvakarma Puja, a celebration of machines. In India on this day, workers clean and honor their equipment and engineers pay tribute to Vishvakarma, the god of architecture, engineering and manufacturing.

Call it a celebration of Solow and a reminder that capital, not just labor, drives growth.

Capital today isn’t just looms and tractors—it’s robots, software, and AI. These are the new force multipliers, the machines that extend not only our muscles but our minds. To celebrate Vishvakarma is to celebrate tools, tool makers and the capital that makes us productive.

We have Labor Day for workers and Earth Day for nature. Viskvakarma Day is for the machines. So today don’t thank Mother Earth, thank the machines, reflect on their power and productivity and be grateful for all that they make possible. Capital is the true source of abundance.

Vishvakarma Day should be our national holiday for abundance and progress.

Hat tip: Nimai Mehta.

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MBA: Mortgage Applications Increase in Latest Weekly Survey

From the MBA: Mortgage Applications Increase in Latest MBA Weekly Survey
Mortgage applications increased 29.7 percent from one week earlier, according to data from the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) Weekly Mortgage Applications Survey for the week ending September 12, 2025. Last week’s results included an adjustment for the Labor Day holiday.

The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume, increased 29.7 percent on a seasonally adjusted basis from one week earlier. On an unadjusted basis, the Index increased 43 percent compared with the previous week. The Refinance Index increased 58 percent from the previous week and was 70 percent higher than the same week one year ago. The seasonally adjusted Purchase Index increased 3 percent from one week earlier. The unadjusted Purchase Index increased 12 percent compared with the previous week and was 20 percent higher than the same week one year ago.

“Indicative of the weakening job market, and in anticipation of a rate cut from the Federal Reserve, mortgage rates last week dropped to their lowest level since last October, with the 30-year fixed rate declining to 6.39 percent. Homeowners responded swiftly, with refinance application volume jumping almost 60 percent compared to the prior week,” said Mike Fratantoni, MBA’s SVP and Chief Economist. “Homeowners with larger loans jumped first, as the average loan size on refinances reached its highest level in the 35-year history of our survey. Almost 60 percent of applications were for refinances, but there was also a pickup in purchase applications.”

Added Fratantoni, “Even as 30-year fixed rates reached their lowest level in almost a year, more borrowers, and particularly more refinance borrowers, opted for adjustable-rate loans, with the ARM share reaching its highest level since 2008. Notably, ARMs typically have initial fixed terms of five, seven, or ten years, so those loans do not pose the risk of early payment shock that pre-2008 ARMs did. Borrowers who do opt for an ARM are seeing rates about 75 basis points lower than for 30-year fixed rate loans.”
...
The average contract interest rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages with conforming loan balances ($806,500 or less) decreased to 6.39 percent from 6.49 percent, with points decreasing to 0.54 from 0.56 (including the origination fee) for 80 percent loan-to-value ratio (LTV) loans.
emphasis added
Mortgage Purchase Index Click on graph for larger image.

The first graph shows the MBA mortgage purchase index.

According to the MBA, purchase activity is up 20% year-over-year unadjusted. 

Red is a four-week average (blue is weekly).  

Purchase application activity is still depressed, but above the lows of October 2023 and slightly above the lowest levels during the housing bust.  

Mortgage Refinance Index
The second graph shows the refinance index since 1990.

The refinance index has increased significantly from the bottom as mortgage rates declined.

Astro Digital to plug into Star Catcher solar-energy grid

PARIS – Astro Digital announced plans Sept. 16 to purchase and distribute power from Florida startup Star Catcher’s future space-based energy grid. The goal is to enable ESPA-class satellites like Astro Digital’s Corvus XL to obtain more power than they could generate on their own. “Demand is growing exponentially for small satellites that can do […]

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Josef Aschbacher on geopolitics and Europe’s changing space debate

Josef Aschbacher, Director General of the European Space Agency, speaks with SpaceNews Chief Content and Strategy Officer Mike Gruss during a taping of the Space Minds podcast at World Space Business Week Sept. 15. Credit: SpaceNews

PARIS – Josef Aschbacher, the head of the European Space Agency, said member states are quickly changing how they view space, from its role in geopolitics, to the need for sovereign capabilities to working more closely with their national security counterparts. During a Sept. 15 interview here at World Space Business Week, Aschbacher, the agency’s […]

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How SpaceX turned a Texas marsh into the world’s most watched spaceport

A construction site at Starbase. Credit: Alexander Hatley via Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 2.0

EDITOR’S NOTE: Starbase is SpaceX’s massive rocket development site and the home of Starship — the vehicle Elon Musk envisions as humanity’s path to Mars and that many in the U.S. civil space program see as a way back to the moon. But Starbase started as little more than an impossible stretch of empty land […]

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Viasat and Space42 to pool satellite spectrum for direct-to-device services

Viasat and Space42 have agreed to pool their Mobile Satellite Services spectrum, aiming to provide direct-to-device services from the world’s largest coordinated block of D2D frequencies within three years.

The post Viasat and Space42 to pool satellite spectrum for direct-to-device services appeared first on SpaceNews.

BlackSky wins second NGA ‘Luno’ contract to track global changes with satellites and AI

The deal underscores NGA’s push to fold commercial satellite data and artificial intelligence into U.S. national security workflows.

The post BlackSky wins second NGA ‘Luno’ contract to track global changes with satellites and AI appeared first on SpaceNews.

SES moves to iterative MEO deployment with K2 Space partnership

SES announced plans Sept. 16 to deploy a satellite co-developed with manufacturing startup K2 Space early next year, marking the start of a more iterative approach to upgrading its MEO broadband constellation.

The post SES moves to iterative MEO deployment with K2 Space partnership appeared first on SpaceNews.

Laser communications supplier Mynaric signals recovery after production setbacks

The company delivered 84 terminals to York Space and Northrop Grumman for the military constellation known as the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture

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Axiom and Spacebilt to establish ISS data center node

PARIS, France – Axiom Space and Spacebilt announced plans Sept. 16 to deliver a data center node with optical communications links to the International Space Station in 2027. The Axiom Orbital Data Center Node on ISS, called AxODC Node ISS, being developed in collaboration with Spacebilt, will feature an optical communications terminal from Skyloom plus […]

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GHGSat announces $34 million in equity and debt financing

PARIS – GHGSat plans to expand its greenhouse gas monitoring constellation and analytic services with $47 million Canadian dollars ($34 million) in equity and debt financing announced Sept. 16 . […]

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Kepler Communications CEO talks sovereignty, security, and space data

Mina Mitry

In this week’s special CEO Series edition of Space Minds, we're at the World Space Business Week in Paris. In today's episode, SpaceNews editor Mike Gruss talks with Mina Mitry, CEO of Kepler Communications.

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SpaceX planning first tests of new direct-to-device spectrum next year

Shotwell

SpaceX expects to begin testing direct-to-device services using newly acquired spectrum from EchoStar as soon as the end of next year.

The post SpaceX planning first tests of new direct-to-device spectrum next year appeared first on SpaceNews.

Thruster issue delays Cygnus arrival at ISS

Cygnus

NASA is delaying the arrival of a Cygnus spacecraft at the International Space Station to investigate a thruster problem with the cargo vehicle.

The post Thruster issue delays Cygnus arrival at ISS appeared first on SpaceNews.

Project Kuiper plots broadband services in five countries by end of March

Amazon is preparing to double the size of its Project Kuiper constellation to over 200 satellites this year with three more launches, supporting broadband services in the U.S. and four other countries by the end of March.

The post Project Kuiper plots broadband services in five countries by end of March appeared first on SpaceNews.

Impulse Space and Anduril to demonstrate autonomous spacecraft maneuvers in GEO

The demonstration, targeted for 2026, will attempt to showcase a spacecraft’s ability to approach, image and maneuver around other objects in orbit without direct human control

The post Impulse Space and Anduril to demonstrate autonomous spacecraft maneuvers in GEO appeared first on SpaceNews.

Recent good looking market design papers I hope to read (on auctions, unraveling, and interviews)

There was a time when I could reasonably hope to have read market design papers before they appeared in print, but now there are many fine papers that I'll never have a chance to read. (I'm sure that's just because the field is growing so much...)  I haven't given up, however...   Here are three that recently caught my eye.

Hu, Edwin, and Dermot Murphy. "Vestigial tails? Floor brokers at the close in modern electronic markets." Management Science (2025).

 Abstract: The closing auction is an increasingly important trade mechanism due to the rise of passive funds that require closing price execution. We study differences in auction mechanism design on NYSE and Nasdaq that may affect closing price efficiency. Unlike Nasdaq, NYSE allows late auction orders through its floor brokers, providing traders with more flexibility to mitigate or create large last-minute auction imbalances. Price changes in the closing auction are more likely to reverse on NYSE compared with Nasdaq, suggesting greater price inefficiency in NYSE closing auctions. Larger last-minute abnormal imbalances on NYSE, particularly in stocks where auction competition may be inhibited by relatively high floor broker auction fees, explain these stronger reversals. Evidence from the NYSE floor closure during the COVID-19 pandemic supports a causal interpretation. Our results highlight an important tradeoff between auction flexibility and price efficiency.

######

Stable Matching with Interviews, by Itai Ashlagi, Jiale Chen, Mohammad Roghani, Amin Saberi

    Part of: Volume: 16th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2025)
    Series: Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)
    Conference: Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS)  

Abstract: "In several two-sided markets, including labor and dating, agents typically have limited information about their preferences prior to mutual interactions. This issue can result in matching frictions, as arising in the labor market for medical residencies, where high application rates are followed by a large number of interviews. Yet, the extensive literature on two-sided matching primarily focuses on models where agents know their preferences, leaving the interactions necessary for preference discovery largely overlooked. This paper studies this problem using an algorithmic approach, extending Gale-Shapley’s deferred acceptance to this context.
Two algorithms are proposed. The first is an adaptive algorithm that expands upon Gale-Shapley’s deferred acceptance by incorporating interviews between applicants and positions. Similar to deferred acceptance, one side sequentially proposes to the other. However, the order of proposals is carefully chosen to ensure an interim stable matching is found. Furthermore, with high probability, the number of interviews conducted by each applicant or position is limited to O(log² n).
In many seasonal markets, interactions occur more simultaneously, consisting of an initial interview phase followed by a clearing stage. We present a non-adaptive algorithm for generating a single stage set of in tiered random markets. The algorithm finds an interim stable matching in such markets while assigning no more than O(log³ n) interviews to each applicant or position."

############
Deadlines and matching, by Garth Baughman, Journal of Economic Theory, Volume 228, September 2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2025.106065

Abstract: Deadlines and fixed end dates are pervasive in matching markets. Deadlines drive fundamental non-stationarity and complexity in behavior, generating significant departures from the steady-state equilibria usually studied in the search and matching literature. I consider a two-sided matching market with search frictions where vertically differentiated agents attempt to form bilateral matches before a deadline. I give novel proofs of existence and uniqueness of equilibria, and show that all equilibria exhibit an “anticipation effect” where less attractive agents become increasingly choosy over time, preferring to wait for the opportunity to match with attractive agents who, in turn, become less selective as the deadline approaches. When agents are patient, a sharp characterization is available: at any point in time, the market segments into a first class of matching agents and a second class of waiting agents. This points to a different interpretation of unraveling.

ReOrbit raises 45 million euros to increase spacecraft production

Silta

Finnish spacecraft developer ReOrbit has raised 45 million euros ($53.3 million) to increase spacecraft production to meet growing demand from government customers.

The post ReOrbit raises 45 million euros to increase spacecraft production appeared first on SpaceNews.

Successful flight on Falcon 9 for EOS-8’’, MECANO ID’s Satellite Ejection System

Mecano ID Logo

Toulouse, France — MECANO ID, a leading provider of advanced mechanical and thermal solutions for the space industry, has reached a major milestone. On August 26, its EOS-8’’ satellite ejection […]

The post Successful flight on Falcon 9 for EOS-8’’, MECANO ID’s Satellite Ejection System appeared first on SpaceNews.

Brick by brick

Photo of a middle-aged man climbing a red ladder on a tall brick industrial chimney with a cityscape in the background.

‘I didn’t think I’d get the job!’ How the cheery steeplejack Fred Dibnah dismantled an industrial chimney one brick at a time

- by Aeon Video

Watch on Aeon

The weight of research opinion against minimum wage hikes continues to shift

This piece is by DuckKi Cho and is titled “Downward Wage Rigidity and Corporate Investment”:

Firms reduce investment when facing downward wage rigidity, the inability or unwillingness to adjust wages downward. To document this behavior, I exploit staggered state-level changes in minimum wage laws as an exogenous variation in downward wage rigidity. Following a 1-standard-deviation increase in the minimum wage, firms reduce their investment rate (the ratio of capital expenditure to capital stock) by 3.08 percentage points. The negative impact is more acute for firms with a higher fraction of minimum wage workers, stronger employment protections, or higher labor intensity. The investment reductions cannot be explained by labor adjustment under capital-labor complementarities. Rather, I identify the aggravation of debt overhang and increased operating leverage crowding out debt financing as two mechanisms by which downward wage rigidity impedes investment. The findings highlight the unintended consequences of minimum wage policies on corporate investment.

From the Journal of Law and Economics.  I fear that for the next thirty years people still will be claiming that Card and Krueger showed that minimum wage hikes do not damage employment.  After numerous recent revisions, many of them catalogued here, that is no longer such a plausible belief.

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Was Robinson a Big Left Winger? That’s Not What the Evidence Says.

We’ve now heard the first official word about the murder of Charlie Kirk as part of the official charges brought against him today. I want to reiterate a point I made yesterday. Despite the concerted effort to portray Tyler Robinson as a proponent of “left-wing ideology,” as Kash Patel put it, that’s really not clear at all from the evidence contained in the charging documents. What we have in there are mostly statements from Robinson’s mother to the police that he “had started to lean more to the left” over the last year and become “more pro-gay and trans-rights oriented.”

I want to point you to a report from Ken Klippenstein, who got access to parts of the much-discussed Discord channel that Robinson and fellow gamers spent time on. Klippenstein’s report sheds more light on Robinson and his milieu than basically anything that’s appeared in the mainstream press over the last week. I really recommend you read it. There’s no bombshell. Just a general impression of the guy. But still very revealing.

The only clear statement of motive and goals coming directly from Robinson is that he thought Kirk spread “hate” and that he wanted to kill him because of that. It also seems clear now that Robinson was bisexual and in a relationship with a roommate who was in the process of transitioning to become a trans woman. That seems like the clearest explanation of motive we have: Robinson was in a relationship with a man who was either planning to transition or in the process of transitioning. Kirk was hostile to trans people, and that’s the kernel of the motive.

What there’s not is any clear evidence of is that Robinson was political beyond this or had any general, left-wing world view. There’s certainly no evidence he was in contact with, let alone being radicalized by, left-wing groups. (Again, look back at the Klippenstein piece.)

What also seems clear from the Discord chat logs is that Robinson probably wasn’t a “Groyper,” as many have speculated. There was some evidence, in the memes engraved on the bullets, pointing in that direction. But this new evidence makes that seem much less likely. The gist from the chat logs is that the participants were a mix of apolitical or coming from various political persuasions. What they were is hardcore gamers.

There’s an inevitable desire on both sides of the political polarization to label Robinson as left-wing or right-wing. The real world isn’t nearly so cut and dry. What we know about Robinson is that he was into guns, gaming and was probably bisexual. From what evidence we’ve seen he doesn’t seem to have had a clear political worldview at all. In our political binary, his apparent anger at Kirk over his views on trans rights might place him as more left than right. But given that the administration is trying to use Kirk’s murder as a general cudgel to crack down on liberal and left-wing NGOs and place the blame for “radicalizing” Robinson on them, it’s really, really important to cede no ground on the fact that there’s no evidence for their claim at all. Obviously there wouldn’t be any legal basis for a crackdown on liberal/left groups even if Robinson was a MoveOn activist who never turned off MSNBC. But he wasn’t. If the White House or the FBI has any evidence Robinson was some kind of left-wing ideologue or motivated by the same, they’ve yet to produce it.

Summary of a new DeepMind paper

Super intriguing idea in this new @GoogleDeepMind  paper – shows how to handle the rise of AI agents acting as independent players in the economy.

It says that if left unchecked, these agents will create their own economy that connects directly to the human one, which could bring both benefits and risks.

The authors suggest building a “sandbox economy,” which is a controlled space where agents can trade and coordinate without causing harm to the broader human economy.

A big focus is on permeability, which means how open or closed this sandbox is to the outside world. A fully open system risks crashes and instability spilling into the human economy, while a fully closed system may be safer but less useful.

They propose using auctions where agents fairly bid for resources like data, compute, or tools. Giving all agents equal starting budgets could help balance power and prevent unfair advantages.

For larger goals, they suggest mission economies, where many agents coordinate toward one shared outcome, such as solving a scientific or social problem.

The risks they flag include very fast agent negotiations that humans cannot keep up with, scams or prompt attacks against agents, and powerful groups dominating resources.

To reduce these risks, they call for identity and reputation systems using tools like digital credentials, proof of personhood, zero-knowledge proofs, and real-time audit trails.

The core message is that we should design the rules for these agent markets now, so they grow in a safe and fair way instead of by accident.

That is from Rohan Paul, though the paper is by Nenad Tomasev, et.al.  It would be a shame if economists neglected what is perhaps the most important (and interesting) mechanism design problem facing us.

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Wednesday: Housing Starts, FOMC Statement

Mortgage Rates Note: Mortgage rates are from MortgageNewsDaily.com and are for top tier scenarios.

Wednesday:
• At 7:00 AM ET, The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) will release the results for the mortgage purchase applications index.

• At 8:30 AM, Housing Starts for August. The consensus is for 1.375 million SAAR, down from 1.428 million SAAR.

• At 2:00 PM: FOMC Meeting Announcement. The Fed is expected to cut rates 25bp at this meeting.

• At 2:00 PM, FOMC Forecasts This will include the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) participants' projections of the appropriate target federal funds rate along with the quarterly economic projections.

• At 2:30 PM, Fed Chair Jerome Powell holds a press briefing following the FOMC announcement.

A record supply load won’t reach the International Space Station as scheduled

A problem with the main engine on Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL spacecraft will keep it from delivering 11,000 pounds of supplies and experiments to the International Space Station as scheduled on Wednesday.

In a statement released Tuesday afternoon, NASA said ground teams are evaluating backup plans that might still allow the Cygnus spacecraft to reach the space station, just not on schedule. The problem arose early Tuesday when the spacecraft's main engine shut down earlier than expected during two burns to boost the ship's orbit for its rendezvous with the ISS, according to NASA.

Officials didn't release any other details about the engine problem, but all other systems on the Cygnus XL spacecraft are performing as designed, NASA said. The agency said a new arrival date and time at the space station is "under review."

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How the Right Turned Charlie Kirk's Murder Into a Propaganda Masterclass

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The moment Charlie Kirk was shot, the American political right swung into action. What they accomplished over the ensuing days was a masterclass in propaganda, demonstrating how well they deploy the media machine they built and how powerful that machine can be.

People in the conservative movement were unquestionably shocked, saddened, and angered by Kirk’s murder. But since they are part of a political movement, they instantly turned those emotions to political purpose. And there’s something else we can’t ignore: They could not be more excited. This isn’t to say they aren’t grieving, or that they wanted this particular murder to occur. But they’ve been waiting for a moment like this one.

I want to be clear who I’m talking about when I refer to “the American political right,” especially since one of the key components of their disinformation campaign is to ascribe beliefs, words, and actions to “the left” that almost no one, and certainly no one of influence, actually holds. I’m not talking about random online jerks with 100 followers on X. I’m talking about the closely intertwined political-media complex, which includes:

  • Officials in the White House and throughout the executive branch

  • Republican members of Congress and their staff

  • Staff of conservative organizations

  • Elected officials and political activists at the state level

  • Fox News, Newsmax, OAN, and the other right-leaning cable TV outlets, as well as writers for conservative op-ed pages

  • Right-wing podcasters, newsletter and website writers, radio hosts, and social media influencers

Roughly speaking, that is “the right,” people with the ability and the tools to seize attention and exercise influence over not only the millions of people in their audiences but over the entirety of our political debate. The system they spent decades building — which started as an alternative to mainstream sources they felt were ignoring them, and grew to dwarf those mainstream sources (let alone the left’s tiny counterpart) in importance — exists so that it can be activated in moments like this one.

They knew their message right away

The first component of the right’s message was as follows: All our opponents are to blame. “They” did this.

Within minutes of Kirk’s shooting, people on the right began repeating that his murder was an act of “the left.” They came to this conclusion even before we knew who the suspect was, let alone what his motives or ideology might be (which are still less than clear). He as an individual was irrelevant, because the fault, they said, lay with everyone from centrist Democratic members of Congress to think-tank scholars penning analyses of Medicaid work requirements to any random 16-year-old who thinks Donald Trump is a jerk. They are all “the left,” and they all killed Charlie Kirk.

“This was a political assassination by the left on the most prominent and important young voice in conservative America,” said Rachel Campos-Duffy, Fox News pundit and wife of the Secretary of Transportation. A Republican member of Congress addressed “The Democratic Party,” saying that in contrast to the civil tone Republicans took when Joe Biden was president, “you tried to kill our president twice. You actually killed Charlie. Enough is enough.” Popular radio host Clay Travis said, “They couldn't out-debate Charlie Kirk, and so they tried to kill him.” Senator Mike Lee of Utah said, “They just created a million, 10 million, 100 million Charlie Kirks. They haven't seen anything yet.” “They are at war with us!” said Fox’s Jesse Waters. “Whether we want to accept it or not, they are at war with us! And what are we gonna do about it?” “This could have been the greatest mistake these people have ever made,” said Eric Trump.

What about the fact that the vast majority of political violence in recent years has come from the right? Fake news, apparently. “When the left realizes that they're losing arguments, they resort to this violence,” said Donald Trump Jr. “I see the constant 'the violence goes both ways.' And it does not. The violence is going one way.” “When the left” can’t win debates, said Sen. Joni Ernst, “the only way they can silence those voices is through violence. That’s how Charlie met his end.”

And the president himself, when asked a softball question about how he might help reduce political violence coming from anywhere, responded that radicals on the right “are radical because they don't want to see crime,” while “The radicals on the left are the problem, and they’re vicious and they’re horrible and they’re politically savvy.”

The next step was to begin targeting anyone who had the wrong reaction to the news of Kirk’s murder. Every prominent liberal you can find — Democratic politicians, influential media figures — denounced Kirk’s murder, even if some of them added that he should not be lionized as some kind of saint but seen for the person he really was and the beliefs he really held. But since conservatives could not find anyone of any importance who “celebrated” the news, they went searching for ordinary people who did — and of course there were, because there are hundreds of millions of people on social media and you can find any abhorrent idea expressed by some of them. The statements made by that miniscule number of people were then attributed to all liberals. Here’s how Brian Merchant describes it:

Shortly after Kirk’s killing, a blogger in Musk’s orbit, Tim Urban wrote that “Every post on Bluesky is celebrating the assassination. Such unbelievably sick people.” Musk quoted the post, and insisted “they are celebrating cold-blooded murder.” The evidence supplied was a few tiny accounts and dumb posts with one to zero likes apiece.

Another prominent conservative commentator replied to AOC’s call for nonviolence by saying, “Your followers are celebrating Charlie Kirk's assassination all over Bluesky. Hundreds of thousands of bloodthirsty Democrats, delighted by the political violence that you've incited.” The Atlantic staff writer Thomas Chatterton Williams called this purported celebration of violence “unconscionable.”

Of course, it wasn’t really happening. Not on any scale that was materially different from what was taking place on X or elsewhere, anyway. I spent a considerable amount of the week on BlueSky, too, watching the trending topics, searching keywords, doomscrolling, etc. (I also have dummy accounts on both platforms not algorithmically tailored to my typical browsing habits.) I can say with confidence that the reaction was similar on both platforms—the vast majority of posts ranged from ‘violence is never the answer’ to ‘nothing good will come from this’ to highlighting pointed quotes of Kirk’s about gun violence. You could find a few on both platforms along the lines of “he deserved it” but they were the obvious and clear minority.

Elon Musk, I remind you, has 226 million followers on X. Libs of TikTok, an incredibly influential X account with 4.4 million followers whose creator, Chaya Raichik, is an adviser to Republican politicians, has been posting one target after another of ordinary people who said mean things about Kirk, so they can then be deluged with harassment and death threats.

And that’s what’s happening all over the country: Conservatives are amassing lists of people who said the wrong thing about Kirk on social media in the hopes of getting them fired or worse, and it’s working. While some of these people did actually post something repellent of the I’m-glad-he’s-dead variety, in many cases they just quoted Kirk’s own words without comment — and lost their jobs. One example: A professor at Austin Peay University was fired for sharing a screenshot of a 2023 article in which Kirk said, in the wake of a mass shooting in which three children and three adults were killed, that “It’s worth to have a cost of, unfortunately, some gun deaths every single year so that we can have the Second Amendment.” The firing came after Senator Marsha Blackburn posted her own screenshot of the professor’s Facebook page, with the caption “What do you say, @austinpeay?” My former colleague Karen Attiah was fired from the Washington Post for essentially the same thing, posting Charlie Kirk’s own words (including that prominent Black women “do not have the brain processing power to be taken seriously”) without comment.

Among the consequences of this highly successful effort to force everyone in America to not just condemn Kirk’s murder but to act as though he was a kind of saint is that both ostensibly non-political institutions and even some liberals have felt compelled to join in the tributes. Governors Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania and Maura Healey of Massachusetts ordered flags to be flown at half-staff in his honor. Moments of silence for him were held at NFL games.

And the news coverage has been absolutely overwhelming; from the sheer quantity of it you’d think Charlie Kirk had dominated political life in America like no figure in a century, even though most Americans had probably never heard his name before last week. On Monday morning, I counted 112 articles on the New York Times website about Kirk published in the five days since the shooting (not counting those that mentioned him in passing). Like so many other news organizations, the Times deployed dozens of reporters to explore every imaginable aspect of the story — not just the details of the investigation but what his relationship with Trump was like, what his fans are feeling, what happened on social media in the aftermath of his killing, and more. As a point of comparison, I ran a search for “Jimmy Carter” in the Times in the five days after he died; they published just 66 articles on the former president in that time.

This is what they always wanted

The next step was to deploy institutional power to take revenge on “the left,” now that it has been charged and convicted of Kirk’s killing. This is what Republicans are doing with an enthusiasm that is almost impossible to overstate.

Listen to Stephen Miller, the second-most powerful person in the federal government, snarling that “we are going to do what it takes” to destroy their political enemies and vowing that “the power of law enforcement under President Trump’s leadership will be used to find you, will be used to take away your money, take away your power, and if you’ve broken the law to take away your freedom.”

On Monday, the New York Times reported the following:

“On Monday, two senior administration officials, who spoke anonymously to describe the internal planning, said that cabinet secretaries and federal department heads were working to identify organizations that funded or supported violence against conservatives. The goal, they said, was to categorize left-wing activity that led to violence as domestic terrorism, an escalation that critics said could lay the groundwork for crushing anti-conservative dissent more broadly.”

The Monday edition of Kirk’s podcast was broadcast from the White House, where Vice President JD Vance acted as guest host and a number of administration officials came to praise Kirk and promise vengeance against the left. “When you see someone celebrating Charlie’s murder, call them out — and, hell, call their employer,” Vance told listeners. “With God as my witness, we are going to use every resource we have at the Department of Justice, Homeland Security and throughout this government to identify, disrupt, eliminate and destroy this network and make America safe again for the American people,” said Miller.

The Deputy Secretary of State tweeted a request for people to give him names of foreigners who expressed happiness at Kirk’s killing so they could be barred from entering the United States. Secretary of State Marco Rubio said “If you are here on a visa and cheering on the public assassination of a political figure, prepare to be deported” — though that seems to apply only to Kirk (he made no such pledge after the assassination of Melissa Hortman in Minnesota, perhaps because he would have had to deport Sen. Mike Lee) Meanwhile in Congress, Chip Roy, one of the leaders of the far right, is demanding that House leadership create a select committee to investigate “The money, influence, and power behind the radical left’s assault on America and the rule of law.” Rep. Clay Higgins said he would demand from the tech companies an “immediate ban for life of every post or commenter that belittled the assassination of Charlie Kirk.”

Kirk’s killing is being used as a justification for everything from shutting down liberal nonprofits to unleashing internet trolls on random citizens to more aggressive gerrymandering (“Kirk’s death reinvigorates Republicans’ redistricting race,” read a Politico headline). But mostly, the killing has given everyone on the right who wants it permission to indulge their most bloodthirsty fantasies. “I do want President Trump to be the ‘dictator’ the left thinks he is, and I want the right to be as devoted to locking up and silencing our violent political enemies as they say we are,” said Laura Loomer, the far-right activist who decides whether people in the administration can keep their jobs.

This all came at a moment when the right was beginning to lose a bit of its joie de vivre. As much as they enjoy watching masked agents brutalize immigrants or seeing Trump dismantle the Department of Education, when your side is in power, the excitement and intensity of rebellion can fade away. They've been in something of a low gear in the propaganda wars, forced to pretend they give a damn about what font the Cracker Barrel logo is in. But now they are re-energized, feeling a new purpose and focus as once again they tell themselves that they are warriors ready to smite their enemies with the sword of righteousness.

To sum up, this was the strategy the right has deployed in the wake of Charlie Kirk’s murder:

  1. Blame everyone on the left for the crime, even before the identity of the suspect was known

  2. Deify Kirk beyond all reason

  3. Pursue and punish anyone who spoke about Kirk or his death in ways they didn’t like, ruining ordinary people’s lives in the process to create an atmosphere of fear

  4. Take the opportunity to deploy government’s power against their opponents, using Kirk’s killing as the justification

The effectiveness of this strategy is made possible by the resources they already had: a complex and integrated right-wing media system; dominance of social media; a culture of unanimity among all parts of their movement, ensuring that key messages are repeated over and over verbatim; and the successful intimidation of the mainstream media.

I don’t know how far this will go. But I do know that the most powerful people in politics and media on the right are positively incandescent with a combination of rage and glee. They have their martyr, their bloody shirt, their Horst Wessel, their Reichstag Fire. And they are going to use it for everything it’s worth.

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Women, Jobs and Charlie Kirk

The assassination of Charlie Kirk was yet another example of the sickening plague of violence in American politics. And it has been condemned on the left as well as the right. However, MAGA immediately proclaimed that “the left” was celebrating his murder. The immediacy of that fabrication, before the killer was even identified, was clearly part of a campaign to exploit Kirk’s death for political gain.

While we should vigorously condemn Kirk’s murder, we also shouldn’t bowdlerize his record, pretending that he wasn’t who he really was. For example, he certainly wasn’t a free speech advocate. Go read Jamelle Bouie:

Kirk’s first act on the national stage was to create a McCarthyite watchlist of college and university professors, lecturers and academics. Kirk urged visitors to the website to report those who “discriminate against conservative students and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom.”

The list, which still exists, is a catalog of speech acts in and outside the classroom. The surest way to find yourself on the watchlist as an academic is to disagree, publicly, with conservative ideology, or even acknowledge ideas and concepts that are verboten among the far right. And the obvious intent of the list is made clear at the end of each entry, where Kirk and his allies urge readers to contact the schools and institutions in question. Targets of the watchlist attest to harassment and threats of violence.

The Professor Watchlist is a straightforward intimidation campaign, and you can draw a line directly from Kirk’s work attacking academics to the Trump administration’s all-out war on American higher education, an assault on the right to speak freely and dissent.

Nor was Kirk willing to agree to any restrictions on guns in order to protect lives.

What I want to focus on here, however, are Kirk’s views on gender and society, because I think much of his widespread appeal was based on those views.

Kirk was a counterrevolutionary, a revanchist, who deftly exploited a vision of a lost American gender ideal and the accompanying feelings of dislocation and humiliation on the part of men. Specifically, he wanted to reverse what Claudia Goldin (winner of the Nobel in Economics in 2023) has called the “quiet revolution” in women’s role in American society that occurred between the late 1970s and early 1990s.

It's important to understand that this revolution in American gender roles took place more than thirty years ago -- before many of Kirk’s followers were born. In essence, Kirk rejected contemporary American society, harkening back to a form of social relations most modern Americans have never seen – particularly the young men (and sometimes young women) that he sermonized to on college campuses. This extreme position clearly resonated with an undercurrent of resentment among these young men. I’ll discuss the reasons for that resentment in a later post. For today, I want to talk about what, specifically, Kirk was rejecting.

Despite what you may think, Goldin’s “quiet revolution” didn’t refer to the phenomenon of increasing numbers of women in the paid labor force. In fact, that trend began in the 1940s, and had mostly culminated by the late 1970s. The chart below shows the share of jobs in America held by women, which is close to 50 percent now but was already substantial by the early 1970s:

A graph showing the growth of the company's growth

AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Source: SHRM

Instead, Goldin’s “quiet revolution” referred to a radical change in the nature of the kinds of jobs that American women held. While many women held paid jobs by the early 1970s, young women still tended to see work outside the home as occasional and provisional, as a way to earn modest amounts of money rather than as a fundamental part of their identity. The revolution, according to Goldin, happened when young women began to think about jobs in the same way young men always had — that it wasn’t simply “work” but a career.

To illustrate her point, Goldin offered one particularly striking chart based on surveys of college freshmen. In the chart below, the value on the left axis is the difference between the percentage of men saying that each aspect of success was “essential” or “very important” and the percentage of women saying the same. In the 1960s, men and women had very different ideas about what made for a good life. By 1990 most of those differences had vanished:

A graph of growth and progress

AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Source: Claudia Goldin

This radical change in women’s career perceptions had huge effects on how women lived their lives. This, of course, had large ramifications for men too. More women now went to college. But even more important, more women finished their degrees with the intention of using what they had learned to build a career. The old joke about a woman going to college to get an MRS rather than a BA lost its sting. Women also delayed marriage because they wanted to get a good start on their careers before taking time out. In the 1960s the median female college graduate married at the age of 22; by 1990 that age had risen to about 26.

What accounts for this phenomenon? Goldin suggests several factors, such as access to contraception and anti-discrimination laws in addition to a multiplier effect — the larger the fraction of women delaying marriage, the easier it was for others to make the same choice without facing social opprobrium or feeling that they had missed their chance. Furthermore, rising divorce rates led many women to doubt whether marriage was a safe haven that obviated the need for an independent career.

In essence, Charlie Kirk argued that Goldin’s quiet revolution was all a mistake and should be reversed: “Having children is more important than having a good career … I would also tell young ladies, you can always go back to your career later, that there is a window where you primarily should pursue marriage and having children.”

This was a value judgment rather than a statement of fact. As any woman can tell you, “you can always go back to your career later” is simply false if it’s meant to imply that you can enter the work force later in life and have anything like the career you could have had without that delay.

What we can say, however, is that Kirk was calling on America to stop being the society it is and go back to being the kind of society it hasn’t been for generations. Or, rather, he wanted us to enact his fantasy about what our society once was like. If you imagine that America before the quiet revolution was a nation in which all marriages were happy and all stay-at-home wives were contented, you should read Betty Friedan — or the novels of John Updike.

Notably, Kirk’s revanchism was never accompanied by any substantive descriptions of policies to create the social change he wanted. Were there any proposals to make it less costly to have children? To provide subsidized daycare, medical care, parental leave? No, I suspect because although such policies would make having children easier, it would also make women with children less dependent upon men.

But while Kirk wasn’t offering anything you could call a serious policy program, his arguments did, as I said, resonate with many young white men — men who resent their status in modern America and believe that their lives would be better if we returned to an older social order.

I’ll talk in another post about where that resentment comes from. But let me admit that we have created a society that appears to be problematic for many men. You can even see the problems in basic employment statistics. The chart below shows the percentage of men in their prime working years who are not, in fact, in the labor force. This percentage was negligible in 1960, but is substantial now:

A graph with a line going up

AI-generated content may be incorrect.

I think it’s safe to assume that this rising percentage of men without jobs mainly reflects social distress, not large numbers of men choosing to be house-husbands. And it’s probably inevitable that some men will blame their frustrations on the rise of career-oriented women.

That’s not the real story. I’ll talk about what happened in a future post. But for now, the important thing to say is that the horror of Charlie Kirk’s murder shouldn’t prevent us from admitting that his influence was largely built on catering to white male resentment.

MUSICAL CODA

Announcing the 2025 PSF Board Election Results!

Announcing the 2025 PSF Board Election Results!

I'm happy to share that I've been re-elected for second term on the board of directors of the Python Software Foundation.

Jannis Leidel was also re-elected and Abigail Dogbe and Sheena O’Connell will be joining the board for the first time.

Tags: python, psf

Tuesday 16 September 1662

Up and to my workmen, and then to the office, and there we sat till noon; then to the Exchange, and in my way met with the housekeeper of this office, and he did give me so good an account of my chamber in my house about which I am so much troubled that I am well at ease in my mind. At my office all the afternoon alone. In the evening Sir J. M. and I walked together a good while in the garden, very pleasant, and takes no notice that he do design any further trouble to me about my house. At night eat a bit of bread and cheese, and so to my lodgings and to bed, my mind ill at ease for these particulars: my house in dirt, and like to lose my best chamber. My wife writes me from the country that she is not pleased there with my father nor mother, nor any of her servants, and that my boy is turned a very rogue. I have 30l. to pay to the cavaliers: then a doubt about my being forced to leave all my business here, when I am called to the court at Brampton; and lastly, my law businesses, which vex me to my heart what I shall be able to do next term, which is near at hand.

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NASA, Northrop Grumman postpone Cygnus XL arrival to ISS following propulsion issue

File (Aug. 6, 2024) — Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus cargo craft, with its prominent cymbal-shaped UltraFlex solar arrays, is pictured awaiting its capture by the Canadarm2 robotic arm commanded by Expedition 71 Flight Engineer Matthew Dominick of NASA. The maneuver marked the 50th free-flying capture for the Canadarm2 robotic arm. Image: NASA

Northrop Grumman’s new Cygnus XL spacecraft will no longer dock with the International Space Station Wednesday morning as originally planned.

In a blog post Tuesday evening, NASA announced that two, orbit-raising burns of the spacecraft’s main engine “stopped earlier than planned.” The agency didn’t state how much of the planned burns were able to be performed prior to the premature shutdowns.

NASA also didn’t indicate what may have caused the engine to not perform as expected. 

While mission managers review plans to conduct the remaining rendezvous maneuvers, the agency said, “All other Cygnus XL systems are performing normally,” but didn’t offer further details.

NASA astronaut Jonny Kim was originally scheduled to capture the Cygnus XL spacecraft at 6:35 a.m. EDT (1035 UTC) alongside fellow NASA astronaut Zena Cardman. Kim is tasked with commanding the Canadarm2 robotic arm to attach to the vehicle while it’s about 10 meters (32.8 ft) from the ISS.

The Cygnus XL spacecraft, named the S.S. William ‘Willie’ C. McCool launched from pad 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station onboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket at 6:11 p.m. (2211 UTC) on Sunday, Sept. 14. The cargo ship successfully separated from the rocket’s upper stage more than 14 minutes after liftoff.

NASA reported that the vehicle was able to deploy its two solar arrays roughly an hour and a half after departing from the space coast.

A day before that launch, an uncrewed Russian Progress vehicle arrived at the space station on Saturday on a planned cargo supply run.

SpaceX launches its Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on Sept. 14, 2025. The rocket carried Northrop Grumman’s first Cygnus XL spacecraft on a cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station dubbed NG-23. Image: Michael Cain / Spaceflight Now

What’s at stake?

This mission, NASA’s Northrop Grumman Commercial Resupply Services 23 or NG-23 for short, is the debut of the Cygnus XL. As the name suggests, it’s a larger version of the Cygnus spacecraft. It’s about 1.6 meters (5.2 ft) longer and can support about 2,600 pounds of additional cargo.

“It’s got 33 percent more capacity than the prior Cygnus spacecraft had,” said Ryan Tinter, vice president of Civil Space Systems for Northrop Grumman prior to the launch. “Obviously, more may sound like better, but it’s really critical because we can deliver significantly more science as well as we’re able to deliver a lot more cargo per launch, really trying to drive down the cost per kilogram to NASA.”

The Cygnus XL is carrying more than 11,000 pounds (4,990 kg) of food, science and supplies onboard.

“The NG-23 vehicle is packed with consumables, like nitrogen, oxygen, food and toilet parts. And it has a large number of spare parts that are required for systems, for example, like our urine processor,” said Dina Contella, the deputy manager of NASA’s ISS Program, during a prelaunch briefing on Friday. “We’re stocking up on these items since we were short over the past year and we’d like to have a good reserved for the future.”

Technicians use a crane to lift Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft’s pressurized cargo module out of the shipping container on Thursday, July 10, 2025, inside the Space Systems Processing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The new extended Cygnus capsule, which launched Sept. 14, 2025, will carry supplies, food, and scientific experiments for crew members at the International Space Station as part of the company’s 23rd cargo resupply mission. Image: NASA / Cory S. Huston

NASA had to shuffle its planned cargo schedule early this year due to another Cygnus spacecraft. The vehicle earmarked for the NG-22 mission was damaged while being shipped from Northrop Grumman’s facilities in Virginia down to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

That mission was scheduled to launch in June 2025, so to compensate, NASA adjusted the cargo load on SpaceX’s CRS-32 mission to “add more consumable supplies and food to help ensure sufficient reserves of supplies aboard the station.” The agency also pulled SpaceX’s CRS-33 and the NG-23 missions forward on the schedule to close the gap between cargo runs to the ISS.

“In general, what we’ve done historically is we like to have four months of supplies onboard. And the goal is really, if you have a problem with the next mission, if for some reason that can’t fly, you can make it to the mission after that,” said Dana Weigel, manager of NASA’s ISS Program, following the Aug. 1 launch of the Crew-11 mission to the space station.

“When Northrop Grumman found the spacecraft problem on the NG-22 and realized that it couldn’t fly this year, we quickly adjusted the SpaceX 32 mission. It was unfortunate we had to pull off quite a bit of research, but what I did was load it up with food and water and other consumables,” she explained. “That doesn’t quite get me where I need to be to handle skipping a mission. Once I get [SpX-33] up there, then I’ll be closer to the position where if my next flight doesn’t make it, then I can get all the way to the one after. So, that’s really the strategy.”

The SpX-33 mission, also referred to as CRS-33, successfully launched from pad 40 at Cape Canaveral on Aug. 24 and autonomously docked to the space station less than 29 hours later on Aug. 25.

A SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft with its nosecone open and carrying over 5,000 pounds of science, supplies, and hardware for NASA’s SpaceX CRS-33 mission approaches the International Space Station for an automated docking to the Harmony module’s forward port on Aug. 25, 2025. Both spacecraft were flying 261 miles above the Atlantic Ocean south of the Azores, a Portuguese archipelago, at the time of this photograph. Image: NASA

Not the first CRS mishap

Northrop Grumman and SpaceX are the two U.S. companies currently delivering cargo to the ISS as part of the Commercial Resupplies Services 2 contract with NASA. Sierra Space was also awarded a CRS-2 contract for a minimum of seven uncrewed cargo missions to the ISS with its Dream Chaser spaceplane. However, it has not launched yet and it remains unclear when it’s first launch will occur.

To date, SpaceX completed 31 flights with one Cargo Dragon vehicle currently on station. Northrop Grumman has successfully completed 20 cargo flights. Both companies experienced in-flight anomalies early in their flight history.

SpaceX launches its Dragon spacecraft with its Falcon 9 rockets. Northrop Grumman is also using the Falcon 9 to get to orbit while it continues development of its Antares 330 rocket in partnership with Firefly Aerospace. Its first launch is anticipated in 2026.

Meanwhile, the next cargo mission on the schedule, following the planned arrival of the NG-23 Cygnus XL, is another new spacecraft called the HTV-X. It is being supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries with support from the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

The HTV-X is scheduled to launch on an H3 rocket from Japan on Oct. 21.

Microsoft Still Uses RC4

Senator Ron Wyden has asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate Microsoft over its continued use of the RC4 encryption algorithm. The letter talks about a hacker technique called Kerberoasting, that exploits the Kerberos authentication system.

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Banks’ Images: Evidence from Advertising Videos

This paper examines how banks strategically develop brand images and how these efforts influence franchise value and the transmission of monetary policy. Analyzing TV advertisements via video embeddings, we measure banks’ images along three dimensions: pricing advantages, service quality, and building trust and emotional connections. Banks with high local market shares highlight service and trust. Banks lacking pricing or service advantages lean on emotional appeals. Banks tailor images to demographics, increasing minority representation in targeted areas. A border discontinuity design helps identify that banks’ images affect deposit growth, spreads, and loan demand, leading banks to respond differently to monetary policy.

That is from a new NBER working paper by Xugan ChenAllen Hu Song Ma.

The post Banks’ Images: Evidence from Advertising Videos appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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Live coverage: SpaceX to launch 24 Starlink satellites from Vandenberg SFB following weather scrub

SpaceX froze its countdown clock with less than a minute to go as poor weather caused the scrub of the Starlink 17-12 mission on Wednesday, Sept. 17, 2025. Image: SpaceX via livestream

Update Sept. 17, 6:15 p.m. EDT: SpaceX scrubbed the launch due to weather. It’s now targeting launch on Sept. 18.

Poor weather stood in the way of SpaceX launching its latest batch of 24 Starlink V2 Mini satellites into a polar, low Earth orbit Wednesday morning.

Thunder was heard in the vicinity of the launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in the final minute of the countdown.

“This is SpaceX launch director on Countdown 1. Hold, hold, hold,” the launch director stated in the final minute of the count. “We’re standing down due to weather being no-go.”

The company is now aiming to launch its Falcon 9 rocket from pad 4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base no earlier than Thursday, Sept. 18, at 8:41 a.m. PDT (11:41 a.m. EDT / 1541 UTC). The Starlink 17-12 mission will be the 84th mission supporting SpaceX’s megaconstellation in 2025, following the planned launch of Starlink 10-61 mission earlier in the day on Thursday.

Spaceflight Now will have live coverage beginning about 30 minutes prior to liftoff.

SpaceX will use the Falcon 9 first stage booster, B1088, to launch the mission, which will be its 10th flight. Its previous flights included NASA’s SPHEREx rideshare, the Transporter-12 rideshare and two missions for the National Reconnaissance Office.

Nearly 8.5 minutes after taking off from the California coast, SpaceX plans to land B1088 on the drone ship, ‘Of Course I Still Love You.’ If successful, this will be the 152nd landing on this vessel and the 507th booster landing to date.

So far in 2025, SpaceX has launched more than 2,000 Starlink V2 Mini satellites. As it continues development of its Starship rocket, SpaceX plans to start deploying the significantly larger Starlink Version 3 satellites beginning in 2026.

Tuesday assorted links

1. Hermeto Pascoal, RIP.

2. Smartphone bans had no positive effects in a series of English schools.  You don’t have to believe it, rather consider it a challenge to come up with better research.  In the meantime you should be agnostic, and also think more broadly about how hard it is to get significant treatment effects on adolescents.  There is a reason why so many experts in this area are skeptical, or sometimes even scathing, about the Haidt-like arguments.  The studies cited at that link are not the most rigorous ones, but they should show you just cannot will your way into the results you might like to find.  Most likely smartphone bans in schools have some modest benefits, and still unknown costs.

3. “Trump administration officials on Monday responded to the activist Charlie Kirk’s assassination by threatening to bring the weight of the federal government down on what they alleged was a left-wing network that funds and incites violence, seizing on the killing to make broad and unsubstantiated claims about their political opponents.”  NYT link here.  One of the worst things the Trump people have threatened to do.

4. Greenland woman fails Danish parenting test and loses her baby (NYT).  There was no evidence of pending violence or abuse.

5. Another unlawful strike on a Venezeulan drug boat.  If you thought this kind of interdiction could solve or even significantly alleviate the drugs problem, I could understand the case for it.  But it won’t.

6. Yum.

The post Tuesday assorted links appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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NAHB: "Builder Confidence Steady but Future Sales Expectations Hit Six-Month High", Negative territory for 17 consecutive months

The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) reported the housing market index (HMI) was at 32, unchanged from 32 last month. Any number below 50 indicates that more builders view sales conditions as poor than good.

From the NAHB: Builder Confidence Steady but Future Sales Expectations Hit Six-Month High
Builder sentiment levels remained unchanged in September but lower mortgage rates and expectations that the Federal Reserve will soon cut the federal funds rate led to higher future sale expectations in the coming months.

Builder confidence in the market for newly built single-family homes was 32 in September, unchanged from the August reading, according to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI) released today. While builder sentiment has hovered at a relatively low reading between 32 and 34 since May, builders expressed optimism that a more favorable interest rate climate could bring hesitant buyers off the sidelines in the final quarter of 2025.

“While builders continue to contend with rising construction costs, a recent drop in mortgage interest rates over the past month should help spur housing demand,” said NAHB Chairman Buddy Hughes, a home builder and developer from Lexington, N.C.

“NAHB expects the Fed to cut the federal funds rate at their meeting this week, which will help lower interest rates for builder and developer loans,” said NAHB Chief Economist Robert Dietz. “Moreover, the 30-year fixed rate mortgage average is down 23 basis points over the past four weeks to 6.35%, per Freddie Mac. This is the lowest level since mid-October of last year and a positive sign for future housing demand.”

In a sign that the housing market remains soft, the latest HMI survey also revealed that 39% of builders reported cutting prices in September, up from 37% in August and the highest percentage in the post-Covid period. Meanwhile, the average price reduction was 5% in September, the same as it’s been every month since last November. The use of sales incentives was 65% in September, essentially unchanged from 66% in August.
...
The HMI index gauging future sales expectations in September rose two points to 45, the highest reading since March of this year. The component measuring current sales conditions held steady at 34 while the gauge charting traffic of prospective buyers posted a one-point decline to 21.

Looking at the three-month moving averages for regional HMI scores, the Northeast was unchanged at 44, the Midwest gained one point to 42, the South held steady at 29 and the West increased one point to 26.
emphasis added
NAHB HMI Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the NAHB index since Jan 1985.

This was below the consensus forecast.

What Trump’s Occupation Did and Did Not Accomplish Regarding Crime

And, of course, this whole discussion assumes Trump cares about crime in D.C., when, in fact, he just wanted to punish D.C. for being a Democratic stronghold. But if we’re willing to pretend that Trump was acting in good faith, we can ask what is the effect of deploying hundreds of federal agents (some for law enforcement, others for immigration enforcement) along with a de facto regiment of 2,200 soldiers to a city of 700,000 people with a land area of 61 square miles.

As before, the raw data can be found in a very nice interactive GUI, but you also can download them here. Here’s the overview, comparing an equivalent length of time immediately before and during the occupation, along with the same dates in 2024:

Screenshot 2025-09-15 at 7.56.13 AM

There might have been a marginal decline in homicides, though they are rare enough and the data are variable enough, such it’s hard to say (there is usually a large decline in crime overall from August to September). It’s also worth noting that homicides dropped in places where there was a presence but also places where there was no presence to speak of, so it’s not entirely clear what happened.

Two categories that dropped dramatically were theft from auto and theft of auto. They declined dramatically in Wards 1, 2, and 6, where there was a large presence of internal security forces. Violent robberies also declined citywide; these seemed declines appear, on the whole, to be in areas very close to where the presence of large internal security forces was reported. That said, assault with deadly weapon really didn’t budge. Burglaries didn’t really change either.

And if you’re wondering why Trump said the stupid things he said about sexual assault, it’s not just that he’s a sexist pig, he also was trying to explain away the dramatic rise in sexual assault. Unfortunately, for Trump, he is a very stupid man.

A final critical point: the first half of the occupation showed much stronger declines than the second half, suggesting criminals were figuring out where they could commit crimes, and this occurred across all classes of offenses.

So did Trump’s occupation work? Well, it worked very well for car-related crimes and worked well for violent robberies, but it did little for other classes of offenses. And the cost to businesses, especially bars and restaurants*, has been high, with much lower traffic. Another cost is far more internal security forces personnel–something Mayor Bowser has wanted for a long time. That certainly doesn’t seem sustainable at the local level, and it also appears to be dependent on density and geographic footprint.

Anyway, those are the data. But Trump certainly didn’t end crime as he put it.

*Bars and restaurants were sacrosanct during the height of the COVID epidemic, not so much now, it seems…

Industrial Production Increased 0.1% in August

From the Fed: Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization
Industrial production (IP) ticked up 0.1 percent in August after decreasing 0.4 percent in July. Manufacturing output rose 0.2 percent in August after edging down 0.1 percent in July. Within manufacturing, the production of motor vehicles and parts increased 2.6 percent in August, while factory output elsewhere edged up 0.1 percent. The index for mining moved up 0.9 percent, and the index for utilities decreased 2.0 percent. At 103.9 percent of its 2017 average, total IP in August was 0.9 percent above its year-earlier level. Capacity utilization maintained the same rate of 77.4 percent in August, a rate that is 2.2 percentage points below its long-run (1972–2024) average.
emphasis added
Capacity UtilizationClick on graph for larger image.

This graph shows Capacity Utilization. This series is up from the record low set in April 2020, and close to the level in February 2020 (pre-pandemic).

Capacity utilization at 77.4% is 2.2% below the average from 1972 to 2023.  This was at consensus expectations.

Note: y-axis doesn't start at zero to better show the change.


Industrial Production The second graph shows industrial production since 1967.

Industrial production increased to 103.9. This is above the pre-pandemic level.

Industrial production was slightly below consensus expectations (with revisions).

Retail Sales Increased 0.6% in August

On a monthly basis, retail sales increased 0.6% from July to August (seasonally adjusted), and sales were up 5.0 percent from August 2024.

From the Census Bureau report:
Advance estimates of U.S. retail and food services sales for August 2025, adjusted for seasonal variation and holiday and trading-day differences, but not for price changes, were $732.0 billion, up 0.6 percent from the previous month, and up 5.0 percent from August 2024. ... The June 2025 to July 2025 percent change was revised from up 0.5 percent to up 0.6 percent.
emphasis added
Retail Sales Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows retail sales since 1992. This is monthly retail sales and food service, seasonally adjusted (total and ex-gasoline).

Retail sales ex-gasoline was up 0.6% in August.

The second graph shows the year-over-year change in retail sales and food service (ex-gasoline) since 1993.

Retail and Food service sales, ex-gasoline, increased by 5.4% on a YoY basis.

Year-over-year change in Retail Sales The change in sales in August were above expectations and the previous two months were revised up.

Wild weather week possible in California as humid heat transitions to potential dry-to-wet thunderstorm outbreak thanks to tropical storm remnants

Early September lightning outbreak brings many wildfires, with some damage, but lack of NorCal drought prevents worse outcome The month of September started with a bang–or, rather, the near-constant rumble of thunder from thousands of lightning strikes amid an intense thunderstorm outbreak that affected a broad portions of interior central and much of northern California. […]

The post Wild weather week possible in California as humid heat transitions to potential dry-to-wet thunderstorm outbreak thanks to tropical storm remnants first appeared on Weather West.

Who pays for (first) dates?

 There's matching, and then there's matching with sidepayments.  

For dating, some decisions were easier in the dinosaur age: in theory at least, only the man could propose a date, and he paid. But times have changed.

Here's an opinion piece in the WSJ:

How to Find Love When Dating Has Gotten So Expensive
Young adults, faced with economic anxiety, are re-evaluating the way they search for romantic partners
By  Cordilia James

"To some extent, traditional thinking about date etiquette hasn’t changed: According to the LendingTree survey, 32% of Gen Z believe that the man should pay for the first date in a heterosexual relationship, while 18% think the person who asks should pay. (Nearly 31% think the cost should be split.)

...

" Tiffany Aliche, founder of Budgetnista, a financial-education firm, ... says that since the asker sets the terms of the date, that person is responsible for picking an activity they can afford.
...
"Some of my friends disagree with that strategy. One female friend, for instance, told me that she expects the guy to pay to show that he’s comfortable being a provider, regardless of who proposes the date. One male friend told me he prefers to split the check or take turns paying to show mutual interest. Another female friend says she has noticed that more of her dates have asked her to split the bill lately—a sign, she says, of the new dating math."


SDA picks GMV to build next-generation space safety system

The Space Data Association has picked Spanish technology provider GMV to upgrade and operate its global space traffic coordination platform starting early next year, the non-profit group of satellite operators announced Sept. 16.

The post SDA picks GMV to build next-generation space safety system appeared first on SpaceNews.

Isar Aerospace prepares for second Spectrum launch

Spectrum launch

A loss of attitude control and an open valve contributed to the loss of Isar Aerospace’s first Spectrum rocket in March as the company gears up for a second flight.

The post Isar Aerospace prepares for second Spectrum launch appeared first on SpaceNews.

In the glow of the candle

Painting of a group gathered around an orrery, with expressions of curiosity and wonder illuminated by its light.

Joseph Wright of Derby put science at the centre of his art. Eclipsed in his lifetime, his work still burns with radical ideas

- by Charlotte Mullins

Read on Aeon

Should we abolish mandatory quarterly corporate reporting?

President Trump has suggested doing that.  I have not found a human source as good as GPT5, so I will cite that:

Theory predicts that more frequent reporting can exacerbate managerial short‑termism; some archival evidence finds lower investment when reporting frequency rises. But when countries reduced frequency (UK/EU), the average firm’s investment didn’t materially change—in part because most issuers kept giving quarterly updates anyway…

Will markets just insist on quarterly anyway? That’s what happened in the UK and Austria: after rules allowed semi‑annual reporting, only a small minority actually stopped quarterly updates; those that did often saw lower liquidity and less analyst coverage. So yes—many issuers kept some form of quarterly communication to satisfy investors.

There is much, much more at the link.

The post Should we abolish mandatory quarterly corporate reporting? appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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“Vote now for the 2025 AEA election”

I have now received this email for the seventh (?) time:

If you have not already done so, I encourage you to take a few moments to cast your vote in the AEA 2025 Election. Paper ballots will not be mailed this year. Voting will be closed at 11:59 pm EDT, September 30, 2025.  To access your official ballot and candidate biographical information, please click on the following personalized link…

Janice C. Eberly is the only candidate running for AEA president, and I have no idea what she stands for.  (In fairness to the AEA, there is some choice for the vice-presidents, you can pick two out of four).  Here is her statement of purpose:

Statement of Purpose: Economics brings powerful tools to understand and analyze issues in social science. To live up to that promise, we need to attract and retain talent, develop data and analytics, and engage students. The AEA mission to advance the field is dynamic and challenging. As economists, we rely on collaborators, students, researchers, and a host of academic, public and private resources. In a changing field, the AEA needs to be correspondingly resilient. We can apply our tools to evaluate our progress and experiment with new initiatives. As president-elect, I would focus particularly on data access and opportunities for young scholars, plus attention to emerging issues. Economics cannot thrive without growing young scholars – who are often the first to experience new challenges. The AEA consistently supports data innovation through its committees and journals and continues to advise public and private data resources.

I do not disagree, but where does she stand on the possibly contentious issues?  How about a platform of turning over all AEA intellectual property, including published papers and referee reports, to the major AI companies to aid in the purpose of producing truly great economics AI models?  That is what I favor, does she?  It would be nice to use elections to settle matters of substance, that is what they are for, right?

The post “Vote now for the 2025 AEA election” appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.

       

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Tuesday: Retail Sales, Industrial Production, Homebuilder Survey

Mortgage Rates From Matthew Graham at Mortgage News Daily: Mortgage Rates Start Week at Another Long-Term Low
Mortgage rates have done almost nothing but move lower over the past 4 months. The first Fridays in August and September account for about half of the total drop thanks to weaker results in the jobs report.

Since the September 5th jobs report, rates have held a sideways-to-slightly lower range that's resulted in several additional "lowest since" headlines. There's nothing special about today in that regard. Bonds (which dictate rates) happened to improve, so rates inched to another 11+ month low.

Today's levels aren't appreciably different than last Friday's. Volatility is a bigger risk over the next two days thanks to economic data tomorrow morning and the Fed announcement on Wednesday. [30 year fixed 6.25%]
emphasis added
Tuesday:
• At 8:30 AM ET, Retail sales for August will be released.  The consensus is for a 0.3% increase in retail sales.

• At 9:15 AM, The Fed will release Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization for August. The consensus is for no change in Industrial Production, and for Capacity Utilization to decrease to 77.4%.

• At 10:00 AM, The September NAHB homebuilder survey. The consensus is for a reading of 33, up from 32 in August. Any number below 50 indicates that more builders view sales conditions as poor than good.

Ok, I think I have to move back to NYC (at least for Sept.) because this Big & Loud series sounds amaaaazing: films like Lawrence of Arabia, Close Encounters, 2001, Interstellar, Dunkirk, Matrix, Fury Road, etc. in 70mm + Dolby Atmos. Wow!

💬 Join the discussion on kottke.org

Heavy Rain and Thunderstorms in the Plains; Tropical Moisture Brings Heavy Rain to Southern California and Southwest

CPHC Central North Pacific Outlook


Central North Pacific 2-Day Graphical Outlook Image
Central North Pacific 7-Day Graphical Outlook Image


ZCZC HFOTWOCP ALL
TTAA00 PHFO DDHHMM

Tropical Weather Outlook
NWS Central Pacific Hurricane Center Honolulu HI
Issued by NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
200 PM HST Wed Sep 17 2025

For the central North Pacific...between 140W and 180W:

Tropical cyclone formation is not expected during the next 7 days.


Forecaster Gibbs


NHC Atlantic Outlook


Atlantic 2-Day Graphical Outlook Image
Atlantic 7-Day Graphical Outlook Image


ZCZC MIATWOAT ALL
TTAA00 KNHC DDHHMM

Tropical Weather Outlook
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
800 PM EDT Wed Sep 17 2025

For the North Atlantic...Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America:

Active Systems:
The National Hurricane Center is issuing advisories on Tropical
Storm Gabrielle, located in the central Tropical Atlantic.

1. East-Central Tropical Atlantic:
A tropical wave located near the Cabo Verde Islands continues
producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms. Environmental
conditions are only marginally conducive, and any development of
this system should be slow to occur while it moves westward at 15
to 20 mph across the eastern and central portion of the tropical
Atlantic. Regardless of development, this system will continue to
bring areas of heavy rain across the Cabo Verde Islands through
Thursday.
* Formation chance through 48 hours...low...10 percent.
* Formation chance through 7 days...low...10 percent.

2. Eastern Tropical Atlantic:
A tropical wave is forecast to move off the coast of west Africa by
Friday morning. Some slow development of this system is possible as
it moves west-northwestward across the eastern tropical Atlantic
this weekend into early next week.
* Formation chance through 48 hours...low...near 0 percent.
* Formation chance through 7 days...low...20 percent.




Public Advisories on Tropical Storm Gabrielle are issued under
WMO header WTNT32 KNHC and under AWIPS header MIATCPAT2.
Forecast/Advisories on Tropical Storm Gabrielle are issued under
WMO header WTNT22 KNHC and under AWIPS header MIATCMAT2.


Forecaster Hagen


NHC Eastern North Pacific Outlook


Eastern North Pacific 2-Day Graphical Outlook Image
Eastern North Pacific 7-Day Graphical Outlook Image


ZCZC MIATWOEP ALL
TTAA00 KNHC DDHHMM

Tropical Weather Outlook
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
500 PM PDT Wed Sep 17 2025

For the eastern and central North Pacific east of 180 longitude:

1. Off the Coast of Southwestern Mexico (EP96):
A broad area of low pressure located a few hundred miles off the
coast of southwestern Mexico is producing a large area of showers
and thunderstorms. Recent satellite-derived wind data indicate that
the circulation appears to be becoming better organized.
Environmental conditions are conducive for further development of
this system, and a tropical depression is likely to form in the next
day or two while it moves west-northwestward at 10 to 15 mph over
the central portion of the eastern Pacific.
*Formation chance through 48 hours...high...80 percent.
*Formation chance through 7 days...high...90 percent.



Forecaster Gibbs